Table 3. Bi variable and multivariable multilevel regression analysis to assess factors associated with anemia among women of reproductive age in eastern Africa.
| Variables | Anemia | Prevalence ratio(PR) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | yes | uPR (95%CI) | aPR (95%CI) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 14467 | 7834 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 12365 | 6535 | 0.98(0.94–1.03) | 0.96(0.93–0.99) * |
| 25–29 | 11472 | 5610 | 0.96(0.93–0.99) | 0.92(0.89–0.96) * |
| 30–34 | 9692 | 4910 | 0.96(0.94–0.99) | 0.91(0.88–0.95) * |
| 35–39 | 7779 | 4386 | 1.04(1.01–1.07) | 0.97(0.93–0.99) * |
| 40–44 | 5890 | 3396 | 1.04(1.01–1.08) | 0.96(0.91–0.99) * |
| 45–49 | 4477 | 2600 | 1.03(0.99–1.07) | 0.92(0.87–0.97) * |
| Educational level | ||||
| No education | 12921 | 8582 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 31371 | 17214 | 0.87(0.4–0.89) | 0.92(0.90–0.95) * |
| Secondary | 19190 | 8627 | 0.77(0.75–0.79) | 0.87(0.84–0.90) * |
| Higher | 2660 | 959 | 0.66(0.62–0.72) | 0.79(0.74–0.83) * |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 17673 | 8560 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 41081 | 22046 | 1.07(1.05–1.10) | 1.09(1.05–1.12) * |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 7388 | 4776 | 1.18(1.15–1.22) | 1.15(1.11–1.19) * |
| Occupation | ||||
| Working | 28616 | 15296 | 0.96(0.94–0.98) | 0.97(0.95–0.99) * |
| Not working | 37526 | 20086 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Household wealth quintile | ||||
| lowest | 10864 | 7442 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| second | 11928 | 6723 | 0.90(0.87–0.93) | 0.94(0.91–0.97) * |
| Middle | 12376 | 6564 | 0.87(0.84–0.90) | 0.93(0.90–0.96) * |
| Fourth | 14090 | 6935 | 0.85(0.82–0.88) | 0.93(0.90–0.97) * |
| Highest | 16884 | 7718 | 0.78(0.75–0.81) | 0.89(0.85–0.93) * |
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | 47008 | 24512 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 19134 | 10870 | 1.04(1.02–1.06) | 1.05(1.02–1.07) * |
| Media exposure | ||||
| Yes | 44647 | 23164 | 0.91(0.89–0.94) | 1.02(1.01–1.04) |
| No | 21495 | 12218 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Type of toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | 30689 | 14698 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unimproved | 35453 | 20684 | 1.16(1.13–1.19) | 1.05(1.02–1.07) * |
| Source of drinking water | ||||
| Improved | 47338 | 23573 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unimproved | 18804 | 11807 | 1.15(1.12–1.18) | 1.04(1.01–1.07) * |
| Ever had of a terminated pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 7365 | 4257 | 1.07(1.04–1.09) | 1.06(1.03–1.09) * |
| No | 58777 | 31125 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parity | ||||
| None | 18252 | 9057 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primiparous | 9435 | 5416 | 1.07(1.05–1.11) | 1.11(1.07–1.15) * |
| Multiparous | 23216 | 11989 | 1.03(1.01–1.05) | 1.07(1.03–1.12) * |
| Grand multiparous | 15239 | 8919 | 1.11(1.09–1.14) | 1.06(1.01–1.11) * |
| Household size | ||||
| 1–2 | 5075 | 2824 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3–5 | 29609 | 15050 | 0.95(0.91–0.98) | 0.98(0.94–1.01) |
| 6 and above | 31458 | 17588 | 1.01(0.98–1.05) | 1.05(1.01–1.09) * |
| Distance from the health facility | ||||
| Big problem | 26239 | 15365 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Not a big problem | 39903 | 20017 | 0.90(0.88–0.92) | 0.96(0.94–0.98) * |
| Modern contraceptive use | ||||
| Yes | 20584 | 7321 | 0.70(0.68–0.71) | 0.71(0.69–0.73) * |
| No | 45558 | 28061 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Currently pregnant | ||||
| Yes | 4922 | 3590 | 1.24(1.20–1.27) | 1.11(1.08–1.13) * |
| No/unsure | 61221 | 31792 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||
| Yes | 17613 | 10077 | 1.06(1.04–1.08) | 1.02(0.99–1.04) |
| No | 48529 | 25305 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 19069 | 9802 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rural | 47073 | 25580 | 1.10(1.07–1.14) | 0.94(0.90–0.98) * |
| Community poverty level | ||||
| Low | 33499 | 17346 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 32643 | 18036 | 1.03(0.99–1.05) | 0.97(0.95–1.01) |
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low | 33626 | 18554 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 32516 | 16828 | 0.94(0.92–0.97) | 0.98(0.95–1.01) |
aPR = adjusted Prevalence Ratio, uPR = unadjusted Prevalence Ratio,
* = p value<0.05.