Table 1. Summary of comparisons in non-word repetition (NWR) between adults varying in their level of literacy and/or schooling.

Studies are designated by the last name of the first author (dSL = de Santos Loureiro) and the publication year regardless of how many authors there are, with rows sorted by the paper’s year of publication. Language indicates the participants’ native language(s); Br. indicates data collected in Brasil rather than Portugal. In Group, we use the terminology of each paper to identify each of the tested group (see footnote 1 for details). n indicates the number of included participants. Age indicates average age (SD) [age range], in years. NWR score (in percent) indicates the overall score collapsing across all non-words, except for Kolinsky 2018 and dSL 2004, where we averaged NWR scores across non-word length means. dSL 2004’s controls were only tested with long non-words.

Study	Language	Group	n	Age	Score
Reis 1997	Portuguese	illiterate	20	61	77
Reis 1997	Portuguese	literate	10	58	98
Castro-Caldas 1998	Portuguese	illiterate	6	65 (5)	33
Castro-Caldas 1998	Portuguese	literate	6	63 (6)	83
dSL 2004	Portuguese (Br)	non-readers	68	43 (11.8)	72
dSL 2004	Portuguese (Br)	readers	29	43 (11.3)	78
dSL 2004	Portuguese (Br)	control*	50	31 (7.8)	82
Kosmidis 2006	Greek	0 years	19	72 [63-92]	80
Kosmidis 2006	Greek	1-9 years	20	70 [56-85]	96
Kosmidis 2006	Greek	10-16 years	15	62 [55-74]	99
Tsegaye 2011	Amharic	illiterate	11	[25-45]	44
Gallagher 2014	Quechua-Spanish	literate	21	[20-40]	99
Kolinsky 2018	Portuguese	before training	7	40 [22-64]	64
Kolinsky 2018	Portuguese	after training	7	40 [22-64]	74
This study	Tsimane’	non-readers	7	30 [15-47]	54
This study	Tsimane’	readers	6	36 [20-60]	67