. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 11.

Published in final edited form as: Soc Work Ment Health. 2012 Dec 18;11(1):1–15. doi: 10.1080/15332985.2012.718731

TABLE 1.

One Way ANOVAs Testing for Consumer-Operated Program Differences In Leadership Style Measured by the COPES System Maintenance Scale

Statistics	Descriptive statistics¹			Bonferroni post hoc tests for program differences
Consumer-operated service	n	Mean	Std. deviation	Mean difference (I-J)²	Std. error	Sig.
Clearly defined participant democracy: Program A.	88	15.26	3.20	4.24^*	.50	.000
Clearly defined top-down board-staff-run: Program B.	49	19.50	1.49	—	—	—
Clearly defined participant democracy: Program C.	22	16.23	3.72	3.27^*	.72	.000
Strong leader—Participant democracy: Program D.	24	16.53	2.00	2.97^*	.70	.000
Strong leader—Participant democracy: Program E.	44	17.62	2.89	1.88^*	.58	.015
Total	227	16.86	3.22

ANOVA

F = 19.24; df 221, 4; p < .000.

(I) = Program B.

(J) = Programs A, C, D, and E.

Significant at p < .05.