Table 1.
Candidate vaccines targeting priority pathogens in clinical development.
| Vaccine | Antigen composition | Function | Immune stimulatory mechanism | Desired vaccine response | Phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. pneumoniae | |||||
| 20vPCV (Pfizer) | Capsular polysaccharide | Capsular polysaccharide virulence factor - 20 serotypes | Protein conjugation | T-cell dependent induction of memory B cells and opsonophagocytic antibodies | 3 |
| ASP3772 (Astellas Pharma Inc) | Multiple components Multiple Antigen-Presenting System | Unknown | Unknown | Th1/Th17 responses | 1/2 |
| V114 (Merck) | Capsular polysaccharide | Capsular polysaccharide virulence factor - 15 serotypes | Protein conjugation | T-cell dependent induction of memory B cells and opsonophagocytic antibodies | 3 |
| Unnamed (SutroVax) | Capsular polysaccharide | Capsular polysaccharide virulence factor - 24 serotypes | Protein conjugation | T-cell dependent induction of memory B cells and opsonophagocytic antibodies | 1 anticipated |
| S. aureus | |||||
| rTSST-1 (Biomed) | Detoxified double mutant Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 | Major virulence factor. Causes endotoxic shock | Aluminium adjuvant | Th17 response. Neutralising antibodies | 2 |
| STEBVax (IBntegrated Biotherapeutics, NIAID) | Enterotoxin B | Major virulence factor. Causes endotoxic shock | Aluminium adjuvant | Neutralising antibodies | 1 |
| NDV-3 (NovaDigm) | Als3 | Invasive like protein of Candida albicans required for ferritin binding | Aluminium adjuvant | Antibody and T-cell responses | 2 |
| Unnamed (Chengdu Olymvax Biopharmaceuticals Inc) | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 2 | |
| B. pertussis | |||||
| GamLPV (GRIEM, HMRFHealth Ministry of the Russian Federation) | Live-attenuated | Transient colonisation of the human airway | Intranasal administration | Unknown | 1/2 |
| BPZE1 (NIAID) | Live-attenuated | Transient colonization of the human airway | Intranasal administration | IL-17 responses | 2 |
| E. coli | |||||
| ExPEC10V (Janssen Research & Development, LLC) | Conjugated O-serotypes | Capsular polysaccharide virulence factor – multiple O-serotypes | Protein bioconjugation | T-cell dependent induction of memory B cells and opsonophagocytic antibodies | 1/2 |
| Unnamed UTI vaccine (Sequoia Sciences) | FimCH | Fimbrial adhesin protein needed for epithelial attachment | Adjuvant | Unknown | 1 |
| M. tuberculosis subunit vaccines | |||||
| ID93/GLA-SE (IDRI Wellcome Trust, Quratis) | Rv1813 | Unknown. Possibly a secreted protein that is up-regulated during hypoxia or dormancy antigen | GLA-SE adjuvant | TLR4 agonist induces a Th1 response | |
| Rv2608 | PPE 42 protein | ||||
| Rv3619 | EsAT6 virulence factor expressed continually during infection | ||||
| Rv3620 | EsAT6 virulence factor expressed continually during infection | 2 | |||
| M72/AS01E (GSK) | Mtb39A (Rv1196) | Membrane-associated PPE 18 expressed early in infection. Genetic variations exist | AS01E adjuvant | TLR4 agonist induces a Th1 response | 2 |
| Mtb32A (Rv0125) | Secreted protein possible serine protease | ||||
| H56:ICI31 (SSI, Valneva, Aeras) | Ag85B (Rv1886c) | Mycolyl transferase involved in cell wall synthesis | Valneva IC31© adjuvant | TLR9 agonist | 2 |
| Rv3875 | EsAT6 virulence factor expressed continually during infection | ||||
| Rv2660c | Possible stress-induced or dormancy antigen associated with latent disease | ||||
| H4:IC31 (SSI, Valneva, Aeras) | Ag85B (Rv1886c) | Mycolyl transferase involved in cell wall synthesis and host T-cell entry | Valneva IC31© adjuvant | TLR9 agonist induces a Th1 response | 2 |
| TB10.4 (Rv0288) | ESX family of secretory proteins | ||||
IB Integrated Biotherapeutics, GRIEM Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, HMRF Health Ministry of the Russian Federation, IDRI Infectious Disease Research Institute, MAPD multiple antigen-presenting system, NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, PPE abundant family of proteins with conserved Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) motifs at the N terminus, SSI Statens Serum Institute