Fig. 5. Genome-wide association analysis for wheat quality characters was performed using an iterative usage of fixed and random model circulating probability implemented by R software with correction of kinship, including the first three PCA values as fixed effects.

The test was adjusted for multiple comparison in terms of P-value cutoff determination and FDR calculation. a The 18 genomic regions were associated with GPC on 12 chromosomes, with the highest peaks on 4A and 4B, followed by 5A, 5B, 7A, and 7B. b The 19 genomic regions associated with SDS on four chromosomes, 1A, 1B, and 1D, previously reported, and a QTL on 2A.