Figure 2.

Development of long-range horizontal connections in V1 coincides with Stage III retinal waves. A developmental timeline illustrates a coincidence between the emergence of LHCs and the spontaneous Stage III retinal waves. A retinocortical pathway is already developing at P10 when geniculocortical afferents reach layer 4 (Sengpiel and Kind, 2002), and Stage III retinal waves are observed from P10 until eye-opening (P30) (Davis et al., 2015). This suggests that V1 neurons can be activated by these waves from P10. Clusters of LHCs are observed at P27, regardless of binocular enucleation at P21 (Ruthazer and Stryker, 1996). This implies that feature-specific LHCs can start emerging before then (orange shaded area).