Modern ocean seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios vs. environmental parameters. Data horizontally classified for seawater Mg:Ca (A) and Sr:Ca (B) ratios as a function of environmental variables (GLODAPv2; refs. 41 and 42) from the largest to the smallest dimension, and vertically in five depth intervals of 0 to 5 m, 5 to 200 m, 100 to 1,000 m, 1,000 to 2,500 m, and +2,500 m. Data within the red lines represent literature assumed knowledge of modern seawater ratios. Code for “ocean” is 1 = Pacific, 2 = Indian, 3 = Atlantic, 4 = Arctic, 5 = Mediterranean, 6 = Southern, 7 = Red Sea, 8 = China Sea, 9 = Arabian Sea, 10 = Baltic Sea, 11 = IAPSO. Code for “Longhurst Province” is in SI Appendix, Table S1. Code for “ecosystem” is: 1 = IAPSO (this study), 2 = coastal sea, 3 = coastal upwelling, 4 = open ocean, 5 = open ocean upwelling, 6 = shallow hydrothermal vent, 7 = coral reef, 8 = deep hydrothermal vent, 9 = glacier seawater, 10 = estuary, 11 = mudflats, 12 = mangroves, 13 = seagrass. Extended analysis of seawater Mg:Ca ratios data from river mouths to assess coastal waters can be found in SI Appendix, Fig. S1. The full figure is available in the SI Appendix.