Fig. 5.

Literature estimates of total induced LUC compared with the system design factors assessed here. LUC emissions estimates are adapted from those compiled in Pavlenko and Searle (44) and from the Argonne National Laboratory CCLUB model (45). Biofuel system design factors consist of targeted feedstock production on cropland and avoidance of secondary forest conversion, switchgrass yield and biofuel conversion technology improvements, and sequestration of the biorefinery CO₂ by-product via CCS. Land conversion choices are evaluated in terms of differences in total per-hectare NM from cropland, pasture, or secondary forest conversion to BP. Avoided emissions and carbon sequestration are positive mitigation; new fossil emissions or net losses of ecosystem carbon storage are negative. Error bars denote the full range of results across all relevant analysis scenarios and case study sites.