Table 2.

Representative clinical trial of magnesium for the treatment of the diseases.

Diseases	Study	Country	Treatment	Dosage	Outcomes/Conclusion
Reproductive system disease	Kreepala et al. (2018)	Thailand	Magnesium sulfate infusion	4 g of magnesium sulfate intravenously, then 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/h of magnesium sulfate, is given based on the obstetric physician's decision of their perception on patient's somatotype, respectively	Magnesium maintenance infusion at 2.0 g/h is capable of preventing seizure by optimizing the therapeutic magnesium level (4.8–8.4 mg/dL) and shortening the hypertensive episode in preeclampsia.
	Masoumeh et al. (2014)	Iran	Magnesium sulfate infusion	4 g of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 100 mL of normal saline solution for 20 min to reach loading dose, then 2 g of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 100 mL of normal saline by infusion/h until 24 h after complete cessation of uterine contractions	Magnesium sulfate increases the active phase of labor up to 77%, and reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome significantly, without any adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Neurological diseases	Xu F et al. (2019)	USA	Magnesium sulfate infusion	Intravenous magnesium sulfate (2 g diluted with 50–100 ml of normal saline) is administered over 1–2 h	Intravenous magnesium therapy results in clinically significant pain relief without the need for intramuscular pain medications, and may be useful as a cost-effective first-line parental therapy for status migrainosus, especially for patients who initially present with lower pain intensity.
	Yamamoto et al. (2016)	Japan	Magnesium sulfate infusion	Continuous infusion of magnesium sulfate solution containing 5 mM of Mg2+ is performed at 20 ml/h from Day 4 until Day 14 through the cisternal to spinal drainage	Continuous cisternal irrigation with magnesium sulfate solution decreases the occurrence rate of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Digestive diseases	Kim et al. (2015)	Korea	Magnesium sulfate infusion	Intravenous magnesium sulfate of 50 mg/kg over 10 min before the start of sedation	Intravenous magnesium sulfate reduces analgesic requirements both during and after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm without adverse effects.
	Moradian et al. (2017)	Iran	Oral magnesium supplementation	800 mg magnesium oxide (2 tablets each of them containing 240 mg elemental magnesium) daily	Magnesium supplementation improves less atrial fibrillation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
	Pickering G et al. (2020)	Japan	Oral magnesium supplementation	30 mg/kg magnesium oxide of body weight per day	Magnesium supplementation exhibits significant improvement in defecation frequency and decrease in stool consistency in young children with functional chronic constipation.
Cardiovascular diseases	Osawa et al. (2018)	Australia	Magnesium sulfate infusion	The before period consisted of a single 20 mmol of magnesium sulfate bolus administered over 1 h. The after period comprised a 10 mmol magnesium loading dose over 1 h followed by a continuous infusion at 3 mmol/h for 12 h	Magnesium sulfate bolus achieves a more sustained and reduced the risk of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery.
	Banjanin et al. (2018)	Serbia	Oral magnesium oxide supplementation	300 mg of oral magnesium oxide supplementation product for 1 month	Systolic pressure, diastolic pressures, systemic vascular resistance index left cardiac work index are significantly decreased in patients with essential hypertension.
	Cunha et al. (2017)	UK	Oral magnesium supplementation	600 mg of magnesium chelate orally twice a day for 6 months	Magnesium supplementation is associated with better blood pressure control, improves endothelial function and amelioration of subclinical atherosclerosis in thiazide-treated hypertensive women.
Kindey injury	Barbosaet al. (2016)	Brazil	Magnesium infusion	Daily a daily infusion of 48 mEq magnesium diluted in 250 ml narmal saline during 3 days	Magnesium supplementation decreases the incidence of acute kidney injury, and has a significant impact upon hospital mortality even after adjustment for confounders.
	Qka et al. (2019)	Korea	Magnesium sulfate infusion	A mixture of 50 mg/kg of magnesium sulfate in 100 mL isotonic saline is infused over 15 min during the induction of anesthesia, and the infusion rate is adjusted throughout the surgery using the reference rate of 15 mg/kg/h based on the patient's vital signs	Intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion is associated with a reduced risk of postoperative acute kidney injury until postoperative Day 3 for patients who undergo laparoscopic major abdominal surgery.
Diabetes	Derawiet et al. (2018)	Palestine	Oral magnesium supplementation	250 mg/day of elemental magnesium for three months	Magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance and improves glycemic control indicators among type 2 diabetes patients.
	Soliman and Nofal (2019)	Egypt	Magnesium sulfate infusion	A continuous infusion of magnesium sulfate (without a loading dose) at 15 mg/kg/h	Magnesium sulfate produces a better-controlled effect on blood sugar level, and decreases the requirement of insulin infusion and minimizes the changes in blood potassium level.
Cancer	Fenning et al. (2018)	UK	Magnesium sulfate infusion	20 mmol intravenous magnesium sulfate in 500 mL normal saline infused at various rates, ranging from 6 to 12 h in a syringe pump	Magnesium sulfate mitigates recurrent symptomatic hypomagnesaemia in advanced ovarian cancer.
	Zhong et al. (2020)	USA	Magnesium supplementation	Magnesium intake at 100 mg/day from diet and supplement is evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire in 1 year	A high magnesium intake is associated with decreased risk of primary liver cancer incidence and mortality in a nonlinear dose-response manner.
	Wark et al. (2012)	Netherlands	Magnesium supplementation	Dietary 100 mg magnesium intake per day	Higher dietary magnesium is associated with lower risk of colorectal tumors; every 100 mg/day increase in magnesium intake is associated with 13% lower risk of colorectal adenomas and 12% lower risk of colorectal cancer.