Table 5.

MSCs interact either directly or indirectly through soluble factors to regulate different cytokines

Major cytokines released during severe infection of SARS-CoV-2	Role of MSCs
IL-2	Inhibition of IL-2 via induction of IL-10 and TGFβ [91].
IL-6	Secrete PGE2 (immunomodulator) under high IL-6 level [92].
TNFα	Inhibit T cells response through NO pathway when TNFα is in excess [93].
MIP1A (CCL3)	Express receptors of chemokine CCL3 to migrate at the site of injury [94].
IP10 (CXCL10)	Secrete CXCL10 that inhibits T cells via IDO upregulation [95].
GM-CSF	MSCs recruitment through CXCR-4 at the site of injury [96].
IL-10	High level of TNFα causes induction of IL-10 and TGFβ [97].
IL-8	Suppress IL-8 through Wnt signalling [98].
IL-1α	Downregulate IL-1α through Wnt signalling [98].
IFNγ	Repress T cell response under the influence of IFN γ, which induces IDO [99].