Table 2.

Underlying causes of death and mortality rates of children and adolescents with a history of combination antiretroviral therapy, 2008–2017.

	Numbers (%) of deaths	Rates of death^a, all patients (95% CI)	Rates of death^a, males (95% CI)	Rates of death^a, females (95% CI)
Total deaths	312 (100%)	9.64 (8.63–10.77)	10.31 (8.87–11.99)	8.94 (7.59–10.54)
AIDS-related infections^b	66 (21.8)	2.04 (1.60–2.60)	2.31 (1.68–3.17)	1.76 (1.22–2.55)
AIDS	21 (6.7)	0.65 (0.42–1.00)	0.85 (0.50–1.43)	0.44 (0.21–0.92)
TB	11 (3.5)	0.34 (0.19–0.61)	0.49 (0.24–0.97)	0.19 (0.06–0.59)
Cytomegalovirus	6 (1.9)	0.19 (0.08–0.41)	0.12 (0.03–0.49)	0.25 (0.09–0.67)
Cryptococcal infection	8 (2.6)	0.25 (0.12–0.49)	0.30 (0.13–0.73)	0.19 (0.06–0.59)
Pneumocystis pneumonia	8 (2.6)	0.25 (0.12–0.49)	0.24 (0.09–0.65)	0.25 (0.09–0.67)
Penicilliosis	5 (1.6)	0.15 (0.06–0.37)	0.06 (0.01–0.43)	0.25 (0.09–0.67)
Pneumonia	3 (1.0)	0.09 (0.03–0.29)	0.18 (0.06–0.56)	–
Mycobacteria avium complex	2 (0.6)	0.06 (0.02–0.25)	–	0.13 (0.02–0.25)
Other^c	2 (0.6)	0.06 (0.02–0.25)	0.06 (0.01–0.43)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
AIDS-related noninfections	18 (5.8)	0.56 (0.35–0.88)	0.61 (0.33–1.13)	0.50 (0.25–1.00)
Severe malnutrition/wasting	11 (3.5)	0.34 (0.19–0.61)	0.30 (0.13–0.73)	0.38 (0.17–0.84)
Encephalopathy	4 (1.3)	0.12 (0.05–0.33)	0.18 (0.06–0.56)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Other^d	3 (1.0)	0.09 (0.03–0.29)	0.12 (0.03–0.49)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Non-AIDS-related infections	148 (47.4)	4.57 (3.89–5.37)	4.49 (3.58–5.64)	4.66 (3.71–5.85)
Pneumonia	49 (15.7)	1.51 (1.14–2.00)	1.21 (0.78–1.88)	1.83 (1.27–2.63)
TB	40 (12.8)	1.24 (0.91–1.69)	1.46 (0.98–2.17)	1.01 (0.62–1.64)
Sepsis	25 (8.0)	0.77 (0.52–1.14)	0.61 (0.33–1.13)	0.94 (0.57–1.57)
Diarrhea	13 (4.2)	0.40 (0.23–0.69)	0.42 (0.20–0.89)	0.38 (0.17–0.84)
Meningitis/encephalitis	11 (3.5)	0.34 (0.19–0.61)	0.49 (0.24–0.97)	0.19 (0.06–0.59)
Cytomegalovirus	2 (0.6)	0.06 (0.02–0.25)	0.06 (0.01–0.43)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Other^e	8 (2.6)	0.25 (0.12–0.49)	0.24 (0.09–0.65)	0.25 (0.09–0.67)
Non-AIDS-related noninfections	35 (11.2)	1.08 (0.78–1.51)	1.46 (0.98–2.17)	0.63 (0.34–1.17)
Physical trauma	10 (3.2)	0.31 (0.17–0.57)	0.49 (0.24–0.97)	0.13 (0.03–0.50)
Cancer	5 (1.6)	0.15 (0.06–0.37)	0.24 (0.09–0.65)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Hematologic	4 (1.3)	0.12 (0.05–0.33)	0.24 (0.09–0.65)	–
Other central nervous system	3 (1.0)	0.09 (0.03–0.29)	0.12 (0.03–0.49)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Other cardiovascular	3 (1.0)	0.09 (0.03–0.29)	0.06 (0.01–0.43)	0.06 (0.01–0.45)
Renal failure	2 (0.6)	0.06 (0.02–0.25)	–	0.13 (0.03–0.50)
Other^f	8 (2.6)	0.25 (0.12–0.49)	0.30 (0.13–0.73)	0.19 (0.06–0.59)
Unknown/not reviewed^g	45 (14.4)	1.39 (1.04–1.86)	1.46 (0.98–2.17)	1.32 (0.86–2.03)

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; TB, tuberculosis. Text in bold represents major categories.

AIDS-related clinical diagnoses were defined by US CDC clinical staging criteria [16,18]. Some diagnoses meet AIDS criteria by the age at diagnosis, level of invasiveness, or chronicity, and may appear in both AIDS and non-AIDS categories (e.g. pulmonary tuberculosis in children <13 years of age is considered a non-AIDS diagnosis).

Death rate per 1000 person-years.

Includes: brain abscess (1), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (1).

Includes: bronchiectasis (1), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2).

Includes: cryptococcal pneumonia (1), disseminated mycosis (1), disseminated sporotrichosis (1), invasive aspergillosis (1), mastoiditis (1), necrotizing fasciitis (1), toxoplasmosis (1), unknown infection (1).

Includes: aspiration (1), asthma (1), drug side effect (1), glomerulonephritis (1), lactic acidosis (1), neurogenic bladder (1), psychiatric disease (suicide by poisoning; 1), systemic lupus erythematosus (1).

Seven of the 45 did not have a completed cause of death form.