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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2020 Aug 1;34(10):1527–1537. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002583

Table 4.

Factors associated with infection and noninfection causes of death in children and adolescents who received combination antiretroviral therapy.

Infection-related Noninfection-related
Characteristics Follow-up time (32 361 person-years) Deaths, n = 214 asHR (95% CI) P value Deaths, n = 53 asHR (95% CI) P value
Sex
 Male 16 482 112 34 1.00
 Female 15 879 102 19 0.64 (0.36–1.13) 0.125
Current age (years)a <0.001 0.049 0.050
 <1 173 24 7.46 (4.48–12.42) <0.001 1 0.91 (0.12–6.88) 0.925
 1–4 3894 70 1.73 (1.21–2.47) 0.003 12 1.56 (0.71–3.46) 0.271
 5–9 10 031 57 1.00 12 1.00
 10–14 10 982 34 0.77 (0.50–1.18) 0.234 9 0.80 (0.33–1.94) 0.628
 15–19 6201 24 1.36 (0.81–2.31) 0.246 16 2.79 (1.26–6.22) 0.012
 20–24 1079 5 1.22 (0.45–3.36) 0.695 3 2.51 (0.62–10.24) 0.198
Current CD4+ cell count (cells/μl)a <0.001 0.033
 <200 1629 124 1.00 15 1.00
 200–349 1478 18 0.31 (0.18–0.53) <0.001 6 0.84 (0.33–2.19) 0.731
 350–499 7223 28 0.18 (0.11–0.29) <0.001 11 0.47 (0.20–1.14) 0.095
 ≥500 17 628 11 0.05 (0.02–0.09) <0.001 13 0.29 (0.13–0.67) 0.004
 Missing 4403 33 8
Current weight-for-age z-scorea <0.001 0.020
 <−3 4327 146 1.00 22 1.00
 ≤−3 to <−2 6005 19 0.21 (0.13–0.34) <0.001 9 0.56 (0.25–1.29) 0.173
 ≥−2 17 636 26 0.15 (0.10–0.24) <0.001 15 0.38 (0.19–0.75) 0.005
 Missing 4392 23 7
History of AIDS diagnosisa
 No 14 796 17 1.00 7 1.00
 Yes 17 565 197 5.60 (3.30–9.30) <0.001 46 4.13 (1.80–9.50) <0.001
Currently on second-line cARTa
 No 27 453 182 1.00 43 1.0
 Yes 4908 32 1.64 (1.08–2.50) 0.020 10 1.21 (0.56–2.62) 0.624
Facility setting 0.212
 Urban 19 909 152 1.00 30
 Mostly urban 10 436 47 0.89 (0.64–1.23) 0.476 17
 Mostly rural 2016 15 0.61 (0.35–1.09) 0.096 6
Year of first cART <0.001 0.100
 <2008 17 409 58 1.00 25 1.00
 2008–1010 8898 109 1.51 (1.05–2.18) 0.028 23 1.58 (0.82–3.06) 0.171
 2011–2013 4696 42 1.01 (0.66–1.55) 0.978 4 0.52 (0.17–1.60) 0.256
 2014–2017 1358 5 0.27 (0.10–0.71) 0.008 1 0.37 (0.05–2.84) 0.280

Deaths due to noninfection underlying causes (n = 53) and those for which causes were unknown or not reviewed (n = 45) were competing events for deaths due to infection-related underlying causes (n = 214). Similarly, deaths due to infection-related underlying causes and those for which causes were unknown or not reviewed were competing events for deaths due to noninfection causes. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; asHR, adjusted sub distribution hazard ratio; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy of three or more antiretrovirals.

a

Current age, CD4+ cell count, weight-for-age z-score, second-line, and AIDS were considered time-dependent variables.