Table 3.
Risk and Relative Risk of stunting, underweight, wasting and smaller head circumference at 12 and 24-month-age visits, by exposure and site
| Exposure categories | Relative Risk (RR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malawi | Uganda | |||||||||
| N, Risk (%) | Bivariate | P-value | Multivariate | P-value | N, Risk (%) | Bivariate | P-value | Multivariate | P-value | |
| Stunting(LAZ more than 2 SDs below WHO population median) | ||||||||||
| 12 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 69 (36.5%) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.247 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.32) | 0.982 | 62 (29.8%) | 2.37 (1.59, 3.51) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.36, 3.33) | 0.001 |
| Controls (HUU) | 74 (41.4%) | -ref- | -ref- | 27 (13.3%) | -ref- | -ref- | ||||
| 24 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 108 (48.9%) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.38) | 0.264 | 1.32 (1.10, 1.66) | 0.018 | 74 (32.3%) | 1.79 (1.28, 2.52) | 0.001 | 1.67 (1.16, 2.41) | 0.006 |
| Controls (HUU) | 90 (42.9%) | -ref- | -ref- | 40 (18.2%) | -ref- | |||||
| Underweight(WAZ more than 2 SDs below WHO population median) | ||||||||||
| 12 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 16 (8.3%) | 0.83 (0.45, 1.54) | 0.562 | 0.91 (0.47, 1.78) | 0.793 | 9 (4.3%) | 2.71 (0.78, 2.46) | 0.117 | 1.92 (0.48, 7.63) | 0.353 |
| Controls (HUU) | 19 (10.4%) | -ref- | 3 (1.5%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
| 24 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 21 (9.4%) | 0.90 (0.51, 1.57) | 0.699 | 0.98 (0.48, 1.99) | 0.948 | 11 (4.8%) | 2.67 (0.85, 8.44) | 0.094 | 2.41 (0.74, 7.83) | 0.144 |
| Controls (HUU) | 22 (10.4%) | -ref- | 4 (1.8%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
| Wasting(WHZ more than 2 SDs below WHO population median) | ||||||||||
| 12 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 5 (2.6%) | 0.45 (0.16, 1.24) | 0.122 | 0.45 (0.14, 1.39) | 0.125 | 2 (1.0%) | 1.96 (0.18, 21.63) | 0.583 | 0.48 (0.10, 3.55) | 0.459 |
| Controls (HUU) | 10 (5.5%) | -ref- | 1 (0.5%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
| 24 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 8 (3.6%) | 1.39 (0.48, 4.03) | 0.539 | 1.61 (0.48, 5.47) | 0.441 | 1 (0.4%) | 0.96 (0.10, 15.30) | 0.977 | 0.48 (0.10, 3.55) | 0.459 |
| Controls (HUU) | 5 (2.4%) | -ref- | 1 (0.5%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
| Small heads(HCAZ score below WHO population median) | ||||||||||
| 12 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 45 (23.2%) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.982 | 1.19 (0.80, 1.77) | 0.381 | 74 (35.6%) | 1.20 (0.92, 1.57) | 0.171 | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 0.284 |
| Controls (HUU) | 41 (22.4%) | -ref- | 62 (30.5%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
| 24 months | ||||||||||
| Exposed (AHEU) | 50 (22.4%) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.50) | 0.787 | 1.35 (0.91, 2.02) | 0.139 | 86 (37.6%) | 1.36 (1.10, 1.78) | 0.022 | 1.35 (1.02, 1.79) | 0.038 |
| Controls (HUU) | 46 (21.8%) | -ref- | 62 (28.2%) | -ref- | -ref- | |||||
Key: AHEU, Antiretroviral and HIV Exposed Uninfected; HUU, HIV Unexposed Uninfected; Multivariate regression models included breastfeeding status; maternal-age; and additional variables (electricity/gas use and tap water use) with a p-value <0.15 in bivariate analyses assessing potential associations with the outcome, respectively.