Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at baseline.
| Characteristic | CBD (n = 16) | Placebo (n = 17) | Control (n = 19) | Pairwise comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control vs placebo | Placebo vs CBD | ||||
| Age, years; mean (SD) | 22.7 (5.08) | 24.1 (4.48) | 23.9 (4.15) | p = 0.91a | p = 0.42a |
| Sex, N (%) male | 10 (62.5) | 7 (41.2) | 11 (57.9) | p = 0.32b | p = 0.22b |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| White | 10 (62.5) | 7 (41.2) | 11 (57.9) | p = 0.59b | p = 0.43b |
| Black | 2 (12.5) | 5 (29.4) | 5 (26.3) | ||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | ||
| Mixed | 4 (25) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| Education, years; mean (SD) | 14.4 (2.71) | 12.6 (2.76) | 16.9 (1.58) | p < 0.001a | p = 0.06a |
| CAARMS score, mean (SD) | |||||
| Positive symptoms | 40.19 (20.80) | 42.94 (29.47) | NA | NA | p = 0.76a |
| Negative symptoms | 23.25 (16.49) | 28.41 (20.49) | NA | NA | p = 0.43a |
| STAI-S, mean (SD) | 40.31 (9.07) | 38.94 (10.18) | NA | NA | p = 0.69a |
| Urine drug screen results, N (%) | |||||
| Clean | 10 (63) | 8 (47) | 0 (0) | NAc | p = 0.45b |
| THC | 2 (13) | 5 (29) | 0 (0) | ||
| Morphine | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | ||
| PCP | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | ||
| Missing | 3 (19) | 2 (12) | 0 (0) | ||
| Current nicotine use, N (%) yes | 9 (56.3) | 5 (29.4) | 2 (10.5) | p = 0.15b | p = 0.12b |
| Current cannabis use, N (%) yes | 7 (43.8) | 7 (41.2) | 0 (0)d | NAc | p = 0.88b |
| Handedness, N (%) right | 14 (87.5) | 17 (100) | 18 (94.7) | p = 0.37b | p = 0.16b |
CAARMS Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, CBD cannabidiol, CHR clinical high risk for psychosis, N number of subjects, NA not applicable, PCP phencyclidine, STAI-S State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Subscale, THC Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
aIndependent t test.
bPearson chi-squared test.
cControls were selected to have minimal drug use and hence were not compared with CHR participants on these parameters.
dCannabis use <10 times lifetime (no current users).
Bold text indicates significant difference.