Table 3. Studies that used the concept of vascular age for CVD risk assessment.
| SN | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Ethnicity | Covariates | Integrated approach | VA Technique |
N | Mean CA (years) | Mean VA (years) | Risk stratification | CCVRC | Results | |
| R1 | Stein et al. [2004] (45) | American | cIMT | Linear Regression | 82 | 55.8±9.0 | 65.5±18.9 | FRS | NA | ||
| R2 | Gepner et al. [2006] (50) | American | cIMT | Linear Regression | 506 | 55.0±7.4 | 61.8±11.6 | FRS | NA | ||
| R3 | Junyent et al. [2006] (58) | Spanish | cIMT | Linear Regression | 409 | 49±11 | Mean CA +14.5 | FRS | FRS (CA) =9.2%±8.3%; FRS (VA) =9.8%±8.5% | ||
| R4 | D’Agostino et al. [2008] (5) | White American | CCVRF | Point-based system | 8,491 | NA | NA | ||||
| R5 | Naqvi et al. [2010] (59) | cIMT | Linear Regression | 136 | 56.9±10.1 | 61.6±11.4 | FRS | NA | |||
| R6 | Khalil et al. [2010] (51) | American | cIMT | Linear Regression | 20 | 55.8 | 68.5 | FRS | NA | ||
| R7 | Cuende et al. [2010] (52) | European | CCVRF | SCORE chart-based | 205,178 | NA | NA | SCORE | |||
| R8 | Adolphe et al. [2011] (46) | Asian | cIMT | Linear Regression | 2,291 | 40.7±11.7 | 32.2±15.8 | NA | NA | ||
| R9 | Romanens et al. [2014] (53) | Swiss | TPA | Linear Regression | 1,500 | 59.9±9 | 49±21 | AGLA | AGLAca vs. AGLAaa: mean risk =8% vs. 9%; AUC =0.65 vs. 0.78 | ||
| R10 | Sharma et al. [2015] (69) | Indian | CCVRF | FRS point Based | 2,483 | 46±8 | 53±34 | ||||
| R11 | Andrade et al. [2016] (60) | Brazil | cIMT | Linear Regression | 96 | 44.4±6.4 | 53.8±12.5 | FRS | FRS (VA) =17.2%±10%; FRS (CA) =12.5%±7.8% | ||
| R12 | Proposed [2019] | Japanese, Indian, Caucasian | CUSIP + CCVRF | Linear Regression and MLR | 648 | FRS & ASCVD | FRS (CA): AUC =0.62; FRS (IVA): AUC =0.78; ASCVD (CA): AUC =0.67; ASCVD (IVA): AUC =0.72 |
CVD, cardiovascular diseases; VA, vascular age; CCVRC, conventional cardiovascular risk calculators; FRS, framingham risk score; CA, chronological age; ASCVD, atherosclerosis CVD; AUC, area-under-the-curve.