Table 1. Altered gut microbiome composition associated with CVDs.
| Author, year | Population | Sequencing technique | Main findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karlsson et al., 2012 | 12 CVD patients and 13 controls from Göteborg Atheroma Study Group Biobank | Metagenome | Collinsella was enriched in CVD patients whereas Eubacterium and Roseburia and three species of Bacteroides were enriched in control subjects | (21) |
| Dinakaran et al., 2014 | 80 CVD patients and 40 healthy controls in India | 16S rRNA and metagenome in plasma | Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Propionibacterium phages, Pseudomonas phages, Rhizobium phages, lymphocystis virus and torque teno viruses were enriched in the circulating blood of CVD patients | (22) |
| Fu et al., 2015 | 893 participants from the LifeLines-DEEP population cohort | 16S rRNA | Gut microbiome may have a strong association with variations in BMI and blood lipid levels | (23) |
| Yin et al., 2015 | 141 patients with large-artery atherosclerotic ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack and 97 asymptomatic controls in China | 16S rRNA | Increasing levels of Proteobacteria and reduced amounts of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium were observed in the patients | (24) |
| Feng et al., 2016 | 59 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and 43 healthy controls in China | Metagenome | Clostridium sp. HGF2, Streptococcus sp. M334, Streptococcus sp. M143 were enriched in CHD patients | (25) |
| Emoto et al., 2016 | 39 CAD patients, 30 age- and sex-matched no-CAD controls with coronary risk factors and 50 healthy volunteers in Japan | Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | Lactobacillales was increased, Bacteroides and Prevotella were decreased in CAD patients | (26) |
| Kelly et al., 2016 | 55 high and 57 low CVD risk participants from Bogalusa Heart Study | 16S rRNA | Prevotella 2, Prevotella 7, Tyzzerella and Tyzzerella 4 were associated with participants high CVD risk, Alloprevotella and Catenibacterium were associated with participants low CVD risk | (27) |
| Jie et al., 2017 | 218 participants with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and 187 healthy controls in China | Metagenome | Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus salivarius, Solobacterium moorei, Atopobium parvulum, Ruminococcus gnavus and Eggerthella lenta were enriched in ACVD participants, while Roseburia intestinalis, Faecalibacterium cf. prausnitzii, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella copri, and Alistipes shahii were relatively depleted in ACVD participants | (28) |
| Li et al., 2017 | 41 healthy controls, 56 subjects with pre-hypertension, 99 individuals with primary hypertension. | Metagenome | Genera such as Prevotella and Klebsiella were overrepresented in individuals with pre-hypertension or hypertension, Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, and Butyrivibrio were enriched in healthy controls | (29) |
| Cui et al., 2017 | 29 CHD patients and 35 healthy controls in China | 16S rRNA | Decreased phylum Bacteroides and increased phylum Firmicutes were found in CHD patients | (30) |
| Menni et al., 2018 | 617 middle-aged women from the TwinsUK cohort | 16S rRNA | Gut microbiome diversity is inversely correlated with arterial stiffness in women | (31) |
| Zhernakova et al., 2018 | 1264 participants from the LifeLines-DEEP population cohort | Metagenome | 92 CVD-related proteins are associated with host genetics and gut microbiome | (32) |
| Yoshida et al., 2018 | 30 patients with CAD and 30 controls in Japan | 16S rRNA | A lower abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei in patients with CAD | (33) |
| Zhu et al., 2018 | 70 patients with CAD and 98 controls in China | 16S rRNA | Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were enriched, while Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Roseburia and Eubacterium rectale were decreased with CAD | (34) |
| Kurilshikov et al., 2019 | 978 participants from the LifeLines-DEEP population cohort and 297 subjects from a clinical obesity cohort | Metagenome | Bacterial pathways of L-methionine biosynthesis and Ruminococcus_5_1_39BFAA showed consistent links with CVD | (35) |
| Liu et al., 2019 | 161 CAD patients and 40 healthy controls in China | 16S rRNA | Roseburia, Klebsiella, Clostridium IV and Ruminococcaceae showed characteristic changes at different stages of CAD | (36) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; CAD, coronary artery disease.