TABLE 1.
Trends in demographic, economic, and other contextual factors for exemplar countries1
| Nepal | Peru | Senegal | Kyrgyz Republic | Ethiopia | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicator | 2000 | 2016 | CAGR, % | 2000 | 2016 | CAGR, % | 1992 | 2017 | CAGR, % | 2000 | 2016 | CAGR, % | 2000 | 2016 | CAGR, % |
| Total population (millions) | 23.7 | 29.0 | 1.3 | 25.9 | 31.8 | 1.3 | 8.0 | 15.9 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 66.5 | 102.4 | 2.7 |
| Population growth (annual %) | 1.9 | 1.1 | −3.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | −0.5 | 3.0 | 2.8 | −0.3 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.5 | −0.9 |
| Urban population (% of total) | 13.4 | 19.0 | 2.2 | 73.0 | 77.5 | 0.4 | 39.2 | 46.7 | 0.7 | 35.3 | 35.9 | 0.1 | 14.7 | 19.9 | 1.9 |
| Human Development Index | 0.446 | 0.558 (2015) | 1.5 | 0.677 | 0.74 (2015) | 0.6 | 0.37 (1995) | 0.51 | 1.5 | 0.593 | 0.664 (2015) | 0.8 | 0.283 | 0.457 | 3.0 |
| Households with piped water access, % | 35.4 (2001) | 51.4 | 2.5 | 72.3 | 78.9 (2012) | 0.7 | 46.8 | 68.8 | 1.6 | 74.5 (1997) | 82.1 (2012) | 0.7 | 17.6 | 32.0 | 3.8 |
| Open defecation (% engaging in) | 66.9 | 24.0 | −6.2 | 18.3 | 7.1 | −5.8 | 38.9 | 14.9 | −3.8 | 0.1 | 0 | −100.0 | 79.1 | 25.6 | −6.8 |
| GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | 1215.0 | 2642.0 | 5.0 | 5115.1 | 13,404.2 | 6.2 | 1559.2 | 3556.1 | 3.4 | 1650.8 | 3567.8 | 4.9 | 494.3 | 1746.2 | 8.2 |
| GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) | 1220.0 | 2680.0 | 5.0 | 5000.0 | 12,850.0 | 6.1 | 1530.0 | 3460.0 | 3.3 | 1550.0 | 3380.0 | 5.0 | 490.0 | 1740.0 | 8.2 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90/d (2011 PPP) (% of population) | 14.5 (2003) | 3.1 (2010) | −19.8 | 16.7 | 3.0 (2015) | −10.8 | 68.4 (1991) | 38.0 (2011) | −2.9 | 42.2 | 2.5 (2015) | −17.2 | 61.2 (1999) | 27.3 (2015) | 6.2 |
| Total unemployment (% of total labour force) | 1.8 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 7.3 | 6.7 | −0.5 | 5.7 (2002) | 6.9 (2015) | 1.6 | 7.5 | 7.2 | −0.3 | 3.7 (1999) | 2.3 (2013) | 6.7 |
| Total health expenditure (% of GDP) | 3.6 | 6.2 (2015) | 3.7 | 4.8 | 5.5 (2014) | 0.9 | 4.6 (2000) | 3.9 (2015) | −1.0 | 4.7 | 6.5 (2014) | 2.3 | 4.4 | 4.0 | −0.6 |
| Public health expenditure (% of GDP) | 1.4 | 2.3 (2014) | 3.6 | 2.7 | 3.3 (2014) | 1.4 | 36.7 (2000)2 | 31.7 (2015) | −1.0 | 2.1 | 3.6 (2014) | 3.9 | 41.22 | 27.6 | −2.5 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of total health expenditure) | 55.8 | 60.4 (2014) | 0.6 | 36.4 | 28.6 (2014) | −1.7 | 54.0 (2000) | 44.2 (2015) | −1.3 | 49.8 | 39.4 (2014) | −1.7 | 36.0 | 37.4 | 0.2 |
| Net ODA received (current US$) (millions) | 386.4 | 1065.9 | 6.6 | 401.6 | 331.8 | −1.2 | 662.4 | 736.4 (2016) | 0.7 | 214.7 | 769.0 | 8.3 | 10.3 | 39.8 | 8.8 |
| Age at first marriage (median, women aged 20–49 y) | 17.0 (2001) | 18.1 | 0.4 | 21.4 | 21.6 (2012) | 0.08 | 16.6 | 19.7 (2015) | 1.2 | 20.4 (1997) | 20.6 (2012) | 0.07 | 16.4 | 17.5 | 0.4 |
| Child marriage (% women 20–24 y married by age 18) | 56.1 (2001) | 39.5 | −2.3 | 18.7 | 18.6 (2014) | −0.04 | 47.7 | 31.5 (2016) | −2.6 | 21.2 (1997) | 11.6 (2014) | −3.5 | 49.1 | 41.0 (2011) | −1.2 |
| Fertility rate (average births per woman) | 4.0 | 2.1 | −3.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 (2015) | −1.3 | 6.0 | 4.6 | −1.1 | 2.4 | 3.2 (2015) | 1.9 | 5.9 | 4.6 | −1.5 |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) | 11.9 | 58.0 | 10.4 | 59.0 | 90.0 (2014) | 3.1 | 47.2 | 68.4 | 1.5 | 98.6 | 98.4 (2014) | −0.01 | 5.6 | 15.5 (2014) | 7.5 |
| Antenatal care ≥4 visits (% of mothers) | 14.3 (2001) | 69.4 (2016) | 11.1 | 68.5 | 94.4 (2012) | 2.7 | 14.0 | 57.0 | 5.8 | No data | 83.6 (2012) | N/A | 10.0 | 32.0 | 7.5 |
| Adolescent fertility rate (births/1000 girls aged 15–19 y) | 113.9 | 62.1 | −3.7 | 65.0 | 48.0 (2015) | −2.0 | 127.0 | 78.0 | −1.9 | 45.9 | 39.2 (2015) | −1.1 | 110.1 | 64.9 | −3.3 |
| Adult literacy rate (% of adults aged ≥15 y) | 48.6 (2001) | 59.6 (2011) | 2.1 | 87.7 (2004) | 94.2 | 0.6 | 39.3 (2002) | 51.9 | 1.9 | no data | 99.2 (2009) | N/A | 35.9 (2004) | 39.0 (2007) | 2.8 |
| Female adult literacy rate (% of females aged ≥15 y) | 34.9 (2001) | 48.8 (2011) | 3.4 | 82.1 (2004) | 91.2 | 0.9 | 29.3 (2002) | 39.8 | 2.1 | no data | 99.0 (2009) | N/A | 22.8 (2004) | 28.9 (2007) | 8.2 |
| Female youth literacy rate (% of females aged 15–24 y) | 60.1 (2001) | 80.2 (2011) | 2.9 | 95.7 (2004) | 98.7 | 0.3 | 41.0 (2002) | 63.5 | 3.0 | no data | 99.8 (2009) | N/A | 38.5 (2004) | 47.0 (2007) | 6.9 |
| Gender Inequality Index (0–1; closer to 1 is higher inequality) | 0.670 | 0.497 (2015) | −2.0 | 0.440 (2005) | 0.385 (2015) | −1.3 | 0.64 (1995) | 0.52 | −0.9 | 0.476 | 0.394 (2015) | −1.3 | 0.6 (2005) | 0.5 | −1.6 |
| Gender Development Index | 0.769 | 0.925 (2015) | 1.2 | 0.921 | 0.949 | 0.2 | 0.781 (1995) | 0.911 | 0.7 | 0.959 | 0.960 | 0.01 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 |
| Density of physicians (per 1000) | 0.052 (2001) | 0.598 (2014) | 20.7 | 1.166 (1999) | 1.116 (2012) | −0.3 | 0.07 | 0.07 (2016) | 0.0 | 2.8 | 1.9 (2014) | −2.7 | 0.021 | 0.022 (2010) | 0.5 |
| Density of nurses and midwives (per 1000) | 0.469 (2004) | 2.041 (2014) | 15.8 | 0.669 (1999) | 1.299 (2012) | 5.2 | 0.3 (2004) | 0.31 (2016) | 0.3 | 5.5 (2008) | 6.0 (2013) | 1.8 | 0.215 (2003) | 0.236 (2010) | 1.3 |
| Child wasting, % | 11.3 (2001) | 9.7 | −1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | −0.6 | 9.0 | 7.2 (2016) | −0.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | −0.2 | 12.4 | 9.9 | −1.4 |
1
Sources: World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. CAGR, compound annual growth rate; GDP, gross domestic product; GNI, gross national income; N/A, not applicable; ODA, official development assistance; PPP, purchasing power parity.
2
This indicator is domestic general government health expenditure (percentage of current health expenditure).