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. 2020 Sep 7;39:181. doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01689-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Smoking/nicotine-induced EMT is accompanied by increased YAP1 expression in PDAC cells. a, Heatmap to illustrate the hierarchical clustering of the mRNA differential expression profiles in nicotine-treated Panc-1 cells. b-c, qRT-PCR and western blot assays of YAP1 mRNA (b) and protein (c) expression levels in Panc-1 and BxPC-3 cells after treatment with different concentrations (0, 0.1,1.0, 5.0 μM; 24 h) of Nic. d-g, qRT-PCR and western blot assays of the expression levels of EMT markers (E-cad, Vim and N-cad) in PDAC cells stimulated with DMSO or Nic (1.0 μM, 24 h) after transfection with shYAP1 in Panc-1 cells (d-e) or overexpression vectors in BxPC3 cells (f-g). h, Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative results for YAP1, E-cad and Vim in human PDAC tissue microarray from ESs and NSs (n = 173). Scale bar, 100 μm. EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; TT, tumor tissues; ANT, adjacent non-cancerous tissues; ES, ever smoker; NS, never smoker; E-cad, E-cadherin; Vim, vimentin; Nic, nicotine; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. GAPDH was used as an internal reference. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three replicates. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001