Table 2.
PROUD participant characteristics by care engagement status (non-opioid substitution therapy visits) (n = 663)
| Variable | Not Engaged | Engaged | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 291 | N = 372 | ||
| Demographic characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Age | |||
| Mean (SD) | 41.3 (10.6) | 41.6 (10.9) | 0.734 |
| Median (IQR) | 42 (33–50) | 43 (32–50) | 0.652 |
| Age category (years) | |||
| < = 24 | 26 (8.9%) | 28 (7.5%) | 0.406 |
| 25 to 34 | 56 (19.2%) | 78 (21.0%) | |
| 35 to 44 | 88 (30.2%) | 94 (25.3%) | |
| 45+ | 121 (41.6%) | 172 (46.2%) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 229 (78.7%) | 272 (73.1%) | 0.097 |
| Female | 62 (21.3%) | 100 (26.9%) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Indigenous only | 59 (20.3%) | 61 (16.4%) | 0.198 |
| Other/no answer | 232 (79.7%) | 311 (83.6%) | |
| First language | |||
| French | 48 (16.5%) | 54 (14.5%) | 0.761 |
| English | 221 (75.9%) | 291 (78.2%) | |
| Other/no answer | 22 (7.6%) | 27 (7.3%) | |
| Sexual orientation | |||
| Heterosexual | 263 (90.4%) | 324 (87.1%) | 0.188 |
| Gay/lesbian/homosexual/other | 28 (9.6%) | 48 (12.9%) | |
| Neighborhood of residence | |||
| Market/Lowertown | 130 (44.7%) | 143 (38.4%) | 0.237 |
| Centretown | 46 (15.8%) | 71 (19.1%) | |
| Other | 115 (39.5%) | 158 (42.5%) | |
| Neighborhood Income Quintile | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 97 (33.3%) | 149 (40.1%) | 0.002 |
| 2 | 99 (34.0%) | 97 (26.1%) | |
| 3 | 62 (21.3%) | 82 (22.0%) | |
| 4 and 5 (highest) | 22 (7.6%) | <=45 (0.0%) | |
| Missing | 11 (3.8%) | <=5 (0.0%) | |
| Highest level of education | |||
| Some high school or less | 141 (48.5%) | 167 (44.9%) | 0.764 |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 84 (28.9%) | 109 (29.3%) | |
| Some college or university | 41 (14.1%) | 58 (15.6%) | |
| College or university completed | 25 (8.6%) | 38 (10.2%) | |
| Provincial social assistance benefits | |||
| Disability payments (Ontario Disability Support Program) | 102 (35.1%) | 240 (64.5%) | <.001 |
| Income assistance (Ontario Works) | 67 (23.0%) | 97 (26.1%) | |
| Other (includes Trillium, 65y+, none) | 122 (41.9%) | 35 (9.4%) | |
| Comorbidity | |||
| No comorbidity (0 ADGs) | 77 (26.5%) | <=5 (0.0%) | <.001 |
| Low comorbidity (1–5 ADGs) | 123 (42.3%) | 119 (32.0%) | |
| Medium comorbidity (6–9 ADGs) | 58 (19.9%) | <=115 (0.0%) | |
| High comorbidity (> = 10 ADGs) | 33 (11.3%) | 137 (36.8%) | |
| Social characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Received drugs, money, gifts for sex last 12 months | 26 (8.9%) | 56 (15.1%) | 0.018 |
| Stable housing | 78 (26.8%) | 170 (45.7%) | <.001 |
| Ever red zoned | 80 (27.5%) | 132 (35.5%) | 0.029 |
| Detained in jail overnight or longer ever | 223 (76.6%) | 287 (77.2%) | 0.875 |
| Detained in jail overnight or longer last 12 months | 105 (36.1%) | 147 (39.5%) | 0.366 |
| Drug use characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Ever injected drugs | 173 (59.5%) | 289 (77.7%) | <.001 |
| Drug use in past 12 months | |||
| Any injection | 107 (36.8%) | 219 (58.9%) | <.001 |
| Non-injection use of only non-opioids | 142 (48.8%) | 129 (34.7%) | <.001 |
| Non-injection drug use of both opioids and non-opioids | 148 (50.9%) | 242 (65.1%) | <.001 |
| Ever injected with used needle | 56 (19.2%) | 129 (34.7%) | <.001 |
| Ever with unknown needle | 46 (15.8%) | 80 (21.5%) | 0.063 |
| Frequency of injecting with others in past 12 months | |||
| Always | 26 (8.9%) | 55 (14.8%) | <.001 |
| Most of the time | 15 (5.2%) | 31 (8.3%) | |
| Usually/sometimes/occasionally | 40 (13.7%) | 100 (26.9%) | |
| Never | 21 (7.2%) | 33 (8.9%) | |
| Other | 189 (64.9%) | 153 (41.1%) | |
| Location of injection drug use | |||
| House/apartment | 36 (12.4%) | 64 (17.2%) | 0.084 |
| Public place | 255 (87.6%) | 308 (82.8%) | |
| Most frequent location of injection drug use | |||
| House/apartment | 64 (22.0%) | 143 (38.4%) | <.001 |
| Public place | 227 (78.0%) | 229 (61.6%) | |
| Ever overdosed | 114 (39.2%) | 188 (50.5%) | 0.004 |
| Overdosed in past 12 months | 44 (15.1%) | 69 (18.5%) | 0.244 |
| Last overdose taken to ED/hospital | 57 (19.6%) | 87 (23.4%) | 0.239 |
| Health characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Comorbid HIV | 12 (4.1%) | 38 (10.2%) | 0.003 |
| Comorbid mental health condition (excluding substance use) | 109 (37.5%) | 253 (68.0%) | <.001 |
| Self-reported health status | |||
| Excellent/very good | 71 (24.4%) | 83 (22.3%) | 0.071 |
| Good | 120 (41.2%) | 129 (34.7%) | |
| Fair/poor/no answer | 100 (34.4%) | 160 (43.0%) | |
| Ever suicidal ideation | 161 (55.3%) | 228 (61.3%) | 0.122 |
| Ever attempted suicide | 95 (32.6%) | 132 (35.5%) | 0.445 |
| Attempted suicide in last 12 months | 25 (8.6%) | 36 (9.7%) | 0.631 |
| Ever tested for Hepatitis C | 226 (77.7%) | 336 (90.3%) | <.001 |
| Reported last Hepatitis C test results | |||
| Positive | 78 (26.8%) | 180 (48.4%) | <.001 |
| Negative | 131 (45.0%) | 137 (36.8%) | |
| No answer/don’t know/missing | 82 (28.2%) | 55 (14.8%) | |
| Health care utilization | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Received support from peer worker | 121 (41.6%) | 156 (41.9%) | 0.927 |
| Received support from social support organization | 179 (61.5%) | 223 (59.9%) | 0.682 |
| # of outpatient primary care visits in 1 year prior to survey completion | |||
| Median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 8 (4–19) | < 0.001 |
| Ever on methadone | 51 (17.5%) | 172 (46.2%) | <.001 |
| Currently on methadone | 35 (12.0%) | 128 (34.4%) | <.001 |
| Accessed addiction treatment in past 12 months | 102 (35.1%) | 137 (36.8%) | 0.636 |
aalpha level of 0.05 used to determine statistical significance