Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders during the year after cancer diagnosis, in relation to pre-diagnostic use of NSAIDs
| Group | 1000 PYs | Event (IR) | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No NSAIDs | 174 | 3408 (19.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Aspirin | 50 | 797 (16.1) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.88 (0.81–0.97) |
| Non-aspirin NSAIDs | 43 | 1145 (26.4) | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 1.27 (1.18–1.36) | 1.24 (1.15–1.32) |
| Both NSAIDs | 13 | 263 (20.9) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) |
Cancer patients with any diagnosis of depression, anxiety, or stress-related disorders, namely post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress reaction, adjustment disorder, or other stress reactions before cancer diagnosis were excluded from the analysis. IRs were calculated by dividing the number of patients that received a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders by the number of person-years accumulated during follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals in relation to exclusive NSAID use, using no use of NSAIDs as the reference
Abbreviations: PYs person-years, IR incidence rate per 1000 person-years
aEstimates were adjusted for age, sex, calendar year of cancer diagnosis, educational level, occupation, region of residence, marital status, and Chronic Disease Score
bEstimates were additionally adjusted for potential indications for NSAID use
cEstimates were additionally adjusted for common cancer types and cancer stage, as well as subtypes of hematological malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, or myeloproliferative neoplasm)