Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the self-rated health groups (n = 10,960)
| Men (n = 4333) | Good (n = 1412) | Rather good (n = 1990) | Neither good nor poor (n = 635) | Poor (n = 296) | P for trend | |
| Age | Age (yr) | 71.7 (5.0) | 71.7 (4.8) | 71.6 (4.8) | 72.6 (5.0) | 0.307 |
| Anthropometrical examinations | BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 (2.8) | 23.7 (2.9) | 23.6 (3.1) | 23.6 (3.2) | 0.901 |
| Blood pressure | SBP (mmHg) | 134.8 (20.4) | 133.3 (19.0) | 134.3 (20.9) | 132.0 (19.2) | 0.062 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.3 (10.5) | 77.7 (10.4) | 78.1 (11.0) | 76.4 (10.2) | 0.022 | |
| Biochemical data | TC (mg/dl) | 189.1 (31.0) | 189.7 (30.9) | 185.6 (31.9) | 188.0 (32.4) | 0.096 |
| HDLC (mg/dl) | 56.2 (15.4) | 56.0 (15.2) | 56.3 (14.8) | 54.3 (15.1) | 0.197 | |
| Non-HDLC (mg/dl) | 132.9 (31.0) | 133.7 (30.7) | 129.4 (31.8) | 133.7 (31.7) | 0.022 | |
| Hb (g/dl) | 14.5 (1.3) | 14.4 (1.3) | 14.4 (1.3) | 14.2 (1.5) | 0.014 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.7 (0.9) | < 0.001 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 71.3 (8.7) | 70.5 (9.1) | 70.3 (9.9) | 69.0 (11.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Job status | Non-employed or retired | 57.5 | 61.7 | 66.9 | 67.9 | < 0.001 |
| Educational attainment | ≤ 9 yrs | 72.7 | 68.8 | 68.7 | 68.2 | 0.097 |
| 10–12 yrs | 19.3 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 23.6 | ||
| ≥13 yrs | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.1 | ||
| Marital status | Single | 8.6 | 9.9 | 11.7 | 12.8 | 0.005 |
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 45.8 | 40.5 | 39.7 | 36.1 | 0.414 |
| Past smoker | 29.2 | 36.2 | 36.1 | 44.3 | ||
| Current smoker | 25.0 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 19.6 | ||
| Drinking status | Never drinker | 28.3 | 26.1 | 22.7 | 32.4 | < 0.001 |
| Past drinker | 7.6 | 10.1 | 14.6 | 21.3 | ||
| Drinker < 1 day per week | 5.9 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 7.1 | ||
| Drinker 1–4 days per week | 16.3 | 14.5 | 13.1 | 11.8 | ||
| Drinker ≥ 5 days per week | 41.9 | 41.8 | 41.6 | 27.4 | ||
| Exercise habits | < 1 h per week | 70.2 | 69.9 | 73.4 | 79.7 | 0.006 |
| 1–2 h per week | 8.1 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 5.4 | ||
| > 2 h per week | 21.7 | 22.9 | 20.5 | 14.9 | ||
| Sleep duration | ≤ 6 h | 8.4 | 8.8 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 0.049 |
| 7–8 h | 54.8 | 52.6 | 49.4 | 48.6 | ||
| ≥ 9 h | 36.8 | 38.5 | 42.8 | 41.9 | ||
| Hypertension | Hypertension | 51.9 | 55.7 | 58.7 | 57.1 | 0.005 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Diabetes mellitus | 8.1 | 11.9 | 13.5 | 17.6 | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | Dyslipidemia | 27.3 | 29.4 | 24.6 | 35.8 | 0.164 |
| Interim CV diseases | Interim CV diseases | 12.7 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 0.510 |
| Women (n = 6627) | Good (n = 1624) | Rather good (n = 3292) | Neither good nor poor (n = 1143) | Poor (n = 568) | P for trend | |
| Age | Age (yr) | 71.1 (4.6) | 71.1 (4.5) | 71.3 (70.9) | 71.4 (4.5) | 0.638 |
| Anthropometrical examinations | BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (3.3) | 24.2 (3.4) | 24.5 (3.6) | 24.5 (3.8) | 0.084 |
| Blood pressure | SBP (mmHg) | 130.3 (19.4) | 131.7 (19.7) | 132.2 (20.2) | 129.9 (18.7) | 0.450 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.6 (10.4) | 75.2 (10.4) | 75.2 (10.6) | 74.1 (10.4) | 0.053 | |
| Biochemical data | TC (mg/dl) | 209.4 (31.2) | 206.9 (30.4) | 206.5 (30.8) | 205.7 (30.9) | 0.004 |
| HDLC (mg/dl) | 59.8 (14.2) | 59.8 (14.6) | 59.7 (14.1) | 59.6 (14.1) | 0.786 | |
| Non-HDLC (mg/dl) | 149.7 (31.3) | 147.1 (29.8) | 146.8 (30.5) | 146.1 (30.5) | 0.015 | |
| Hb (g/dl) | 13.0 (1.1) | 13.0 (1.1) | 12.9 (1.1) | 13.0 (1.1) | 0.249 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | < 0.001 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 71.9 (8.5) | 71.9 (8.1) | 71.4 (9.0) | 70.4 (9.7) | 0.001 | |
| Job status | Non-employed or retired | 28.6 | 27.0 | 22.0 | 19.2 | < 0.001 |
| Educational attainment | ≤ 9 yrs | 79.1 | 77.7 | 79.5 | 82.0 | 0.139 |
| 10–12 yrs | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.3 | 15.3 | ||
| ≥13 yrs | 3.3 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 2.6 | ||
| Marital status | Single | 36.5 | 36.1 | 38.6 | 40.5 | 0.054 |
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 98.3 | 98.9 | 99.0 | 99.6 | 0.008 |
| Past smoker | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
| Current smoker | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | ||
| Drinking status | Never drinker | 88.2 | 89.5 | 89.1 | 88.2 | 0.537 |
| Past drinker | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.1 | ||
| Drinker < 1 day per week | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 | ||
| Drinker 1–4 days per week | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.8 | ||
| Drinker ≥ 5 days per week | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.5 | ||
| Exercise habits | < 1 h per week | 78.4 | 81.8 | 83.0 | 85.2 | < 0.001 |
| 1–2 h per week | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.1 | ||
| > 2 h per week | 13.6 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 6.7 | ||
| Sleep duration | ≤ 6 h | 12.1 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 17.6 | 0.552 |
| 7–8 h | 61.9 | 61.1 | 56.4 | 50.9 | ||
| ≥ 9 h | 25.9 | 26.5 | 29.9 | 31.5 | ||
| Hypertension | Hypertension | 48.3 | 55.8 | 57.8 | 60.6 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Diabetes mellitus | 6.0 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 11.3 | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | Dyslipidemia | 43.2 | 42.5 | 42.3 | 46.3 | 0.449 |
| Interim CV diseases | Interim CV diseases | 6.5 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 0.888 |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CV diseases cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, Hb hemoglobin, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, HDLC high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Non-HDLC non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol
Continuous variables were expressed as the mean (standard deviation) and Categorical variables were expressed as the proportion
The difference between the variables and the trend were tested by using an analysis of covariance test (continuous variables) or the chi-squared test (categorical variables)