Table 3.
HIV drug resistance by ART status at admission
| ART ≥6 months with HIV viral load ≥1000 copies per mL (n=237) | ART naive (n=60) | Previous ART (n=19) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistance to NRTIs | |||
| Lamivudine | 195 (82%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Tenofovir | 128 (54%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Abacavir | 181 (76%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Zidovudine | 60 (25%) | 0 | 0 |
| Stavudine | 167 (71%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Didanosine | 169 (71%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Resistance to NNRTIs | |||
| Efavirenz | 219 (92%) | 7 (12%) | 8 (42%) |
| Nevirapine | 220 (93%) | 7 (12%) | 9 (47%) |
| Rilpivirine | 158 (67%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (26%) |
| Etravirine | 146 (62%) | 2 (3%) | 3 (16%) |
| Resistance to protease inhibitors* | |||
| Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ritonavir-boosted darunavir | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Resistance to integrase inhibitors† | |||
| Raltegravir | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Dolutegravir | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Resistance to first-line ART | |||
| Susceptible to all drugs | 18 (8%) | 53 (88%) | 11 (58%) |
| Resistance to 1 drug | 23 (10%) | 7 (12%) | 6 (32%) |
| Resistance to 2 drugs | 69 (29%) | 0 | 0 |
| Resistance to 3 drugs | 127 (54%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Resistance to ≥2 drugs | 196 (83%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| NRTI mutation | |||
| Lys65Arg/Asn | 97 (41%) | 0 | 1 (5%) |
| Met184Val | 178 (75%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Leu74Ile | 17 (7%) | 0 | 0 |
| Leu74Val | 3 (1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Thymidine analogue mutation | |||
| Met41Leu | 37 (16%) | 0 | 0 |
| Asp67Asn | 31 (13%) | 0 | 0 |
| Lys70Arg | 21 (9%) | 0 | 0 |
| Leu210Trp | 6 (3%) | 0 | 0 |
| Thr215Phe/Tyr | 42 (18%) | 0 | 0 |
| Lys219Gln/Glu | 37 (16%) | 0 | 0 |
| ≥1 thymidine analogue mutations | 84 (35%) | 0 | 0 |
| ≥3 thymidine analogue mutations | 55 (23%) | 0 | 0 |
| NNRTI mutation | |||
| Leu100Ile | 23 (10%) | 0 | 1 (5%) |
| Lys103Asn/Ser/His | 94 (40%) | 4 (7%) | 5 (26%) |
| Tyr181Cys/Ile/Val | 87 (37%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (11%) |
| Tyr188Leu/Cys/His | 19 (8%) | 0 | 1 (5%) |
| Gly190Ala/Ser/Glu | 98 (41%) | 0 | 2 (11%) |
| Met230Leu/Ile | 4 (2%) | 0 | 0 |
| Protease inhibitor and integrase inhibitor mutation‡ | |||
| Val82Ala | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Gln148Gln/His | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
| Thr66Thr/Ser | 1 (<1%) | 0 | 0 |
Data are n (%). ART=antiretroviral therapy. NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
*
Missing data for four patients whose protease gene was not successfully sequenced.
†
Missing data for 12 patients whose integrase gene was not successfully sequenced.
‡
Missing data for 16 patients whose protease gene or integrase gene were not successfully sequenced.