Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses of mortality at 56 days
| Died (n=156) | Univariable HR for mortality (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable HR for mortality (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years* | 43·4 (12·8) | 1·02 (1–1·03) | 0·022 | 1·02 (1·01–1·04) | 0·0049 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 83/258 (32%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Female | 73/528 (14%) | 0·39 (0·28–0·53) | <0·0001 | 0·49 (0·35–0·67) | <0·0001 | |
| Time on ART, years | 3·9 (1·6–7·0) | 0·95 (0·91–0·99) | 0·023 | 0·94 (0·90–0·99) | 0·016 | |
| ART regimen | ||||||
| First line | 152/770 (20%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Second line | 4/16 (25%) | 1·32 (0·49–3·56) | 0·60 | .. | .. | |
| Advanced HIV† | ||||||
| No | 17/180 (9%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Yes | 139/606 (23%) | 2·61 (1·58–4·32) | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| WHO tuberculosis four-symptom screening‡ | ||||||
| No | 13/82 (16%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Yes | 143/705 (20%) | 1·28 (0·73–2·26) | 0·37 | .. | .. | |
| Body-mass index | 18·3 (3·6) | 0·88 (0·84–0·92) | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| WHO danger sign§ | ||||||
| No | 93/595 (16%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Yes | 63/191 (33%) | 2·37 (1·72–3·26) | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| Karnofsky score | 50 (40–50) | 0·94 (0·93–0·96) | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| CD4 count¶ | 135 (42–299) | 0·89 (0·86–0·93)‖ | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| HIV viral load, copies per mL | ||||||
| <1000 | 94/534 (18%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| ≥1000 | 62/252 (25%) | 1·44 (1·04–1·98) | 0·028 | .. | .. | |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 86·3 (29·3) | 0·84 (0·80–0·88)** | <0·0001 | .. | .. | |
| Received any antimicrobial treatment | ||||||
| No | 17/91 (19%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Yes | 139/695 (20%) | 1·1 (0·67–1·83) | 0·69 | .. | .. | |
| Tuberculosis treatment | ||||||
| No | 116/677 (17%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. | |
| Yes | 40/109 (37%) | 2·36 (1·65–3·39) | <0·0001 | 2·12 (1·47–3·06) | 0·0002 | |
| HIV multidrug resistance†† | ||||||
| No | 100/583 (17%) | 1 (ref) | .. | .. | .. | |
| Yes | 56/203 (28%) | 1·69 (1·21–2·34) | 0·0024 | 1·68 (1·19–2·37) | 0·0042 | |
Data are mean (SD), n/N (%), or median (IQR), unless otherwise indicated. p values were calculated using the likelihood ratio test from the Cox proportional hazards model. All models were adjusted for STAMP trial arm. There were no interactions in the adjusted models. HR=hazard ratio. ART=antiretroviral therapy.
Unadjusted HR for a 10-year increase in age is 1·17 (95% CI 1·02–1·34), adjusted HR for a 10-year increase in age is 1·24 (95% CI 1·07–1·43).
Defined as CD4 count below 200 cells per μL or stage 3 or 4 illness.
Defined as at least one of current cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweats.
Defined as at least one of respiratory rate above 30 per minute, temperature above 39°C, heart rate above 120 beats per minute and unable to walk unaided.
Missing CD4 count data for two patients.
HR is a 50 cells per mL increase in CD4 count.
HR is for a 10 g/L increase in haemoglobin. Defined as resistance to two or more first-line ART drugs. Missing HIV drug resistance data for 15 patients. Patients with suppressed virus (<100 copies per mL) were assumed to have no drug resistance. For all other continuous variables HR represent a one-unit increase. There was no evidence for departures from linearity for any continuous variables.