Table 2.
Deaths and age-standardised death rates attributable to air pollution, ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution, and ambient ozone pollution in five health areas of China in 2017
|
Air pollution |
Ambient particulate matter pollution |
Household air pollution from solid fuels |
Ambient ozone pollution |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths (thousands) | Age-standardised death rate per 100 000 | Deaths (thousands) | Age-standardised death rate per 100 000 | Deaths (thousands) | Age-standardised death rate per 100 000 | Deaths (thousands) | Age-standardised death rate per 100 000 | |
| China | 1243·0 (1081·8–1395·4) | 72·7 (63·2–81·5) | 851·7 (712·0–990·3) | 49·4 (41·2–57·5) | 271·1 (209·9–346·6) | 15·8 (12·2–20·2) | 178·2 (67·7–286·2) | 11·1 (4·2–17·8) |
| Health area 1 | ||||||||
| Shanghai | 14·1 (11·2–17·5) | 33·6 (26·8–41·8) | 12·1 (9·5–15·1) | 28·9 (22·8–36·4) | 0·3 (0·1–0·6) | 0·8 (0·4–1·5) | 2·4 (0·9–4·0) | 5·7 (2·2–9·3) |
| Tianjin | 13·0 (10·7–15·6) | 71·9 (59·7–86·3) | 11·8 (9·7–14·4) | 65·1 (53·4–79·0) | 0·5 (0·2–0·8) | 2·6 (1·3–4·5) | 1·1 (0·4–1·9) | 6·6 (2·5–12·0) |
| Zhejiang | 35·3 (27·5–44·7) | 45·7 (35·6–57·7) | 27·4 (20·2–35·8) | 35·3 (25·9–45·7) | 2·9 (1·5–5·2) | 3·8 (1·9–6·7) | 7·0 (2·6–11·4) | 9·4 (3·5–15·3) |
| Beijing | 12·4 (10·0–15·1) | 42·1 (34·0–51·1) | 11·1 (8·9–13·6) | 37·6 (30·1–45·6) | 0·3 (0·1–0·5) | 0·9 (0·4–1·6) | 1·6 (0·6–2·6) | 5·6 (2·3–9·4) |
| Hong Kong | 4·2 (3·3–5·1) | 27·4 (21·5–33·8) | 3·3 (2·5–4·1) | 21·4 (16·2–27·3) | 0·8 (0·4–1·3) | 5·0 (2·7–8·4) | 0·2 (0·1–0·5) | 1·3 (0·5–2·9) |
| Macau | 0·2 (0·2–0·3) | 30·8 (25·0–37·4) | 0·2 (0·1–0·2) | 23·3 (18·3–29·4) | 0·0 (0·0–0·1) | 5·7 (3·0–9·4) | 0·0 (0·0–0·0) | 2·5 (0·9–4·6) |
| Health area 2 | ||||||||
| Jiangsu | 73·8 (59·8–89·2) | 63·4 (51·3–76·3) | 56·3 (43·5–69·8) | 47·9 (37·0–59·1) | 7·4 (4·1–12·6) | 6·3 (3·5–10·9) | 15·0 (5·8–24·2) | 13·7 (5·3–21·9) |
| Hainan | 4·5 (3·4–5·8) | 42·5 (32·4–54·6) | 2·3 (1·5–3·3) | 21·7 (13·9–30·7) | 1·8 (1·2–2·6) | 16·9 (10·8–24·2) | 0·5 (0·2–0·9) | 5·2 (1·8–9·0) |
| Guangdong | 53·1 (42·2–64·9) | 49·2 (39·2–60·1) | 43·1 (32·6–53·8) | 39·6 (30·0–49·4) | 6·1 (3·5–9·9) | 5·7 (3·3–9·2) | 5·3 (1·9–9·1) | 5·3 (1·9–9·0) |
| Fujian | 18·5 (14·6–23·2) | 42·1 (33·3–52·7) | 13·5 (10·3–17·3) | 30·4 (23·4–39·0) | 3·1 (1·8–4·8) | 7·0 (4·1–11·1) | 2·6 (1·0–4·4) | 6·3 (2·3–10·4) |
| Hubei | 58·7 (47·3–71·7) | 83·6 (67·6–102·0) | 41·9 (31·1–53·0) | 58·8 (43·5–74·5) | 11·2 (6·7–17·5) | 16·0 (9·5–25·0) | 8·4 (3·1–13·4) | 13·2 (4·9–21·0) |
| Hunan | 76·5 (61·8–92·1) | 92·7 (75·0–110·8) | 50·1 (35·6–65·7) | 59·9 (42·6–78·0) | 18·7 (11·3–27·8) | 22·8 (13·7–33·8) | 11·3 (4·2–18·7) | 14·7 (5·5–24·3) |
| Health area 3 | ||||||||
| Shandong | 104·4 (82·9–126·9) | 78·1 (62·2–95·1) | 78·9 (54·7–100·8) | 58·5 (40·5–74·8) | 15·8 (9·1–25·2) | 11·8 (6·8–19·0) | 14·8 (5·6–24·6) | 11·8 (4·4–19·7) |
| Hebei | 77·1 (60·8–94·9) | 90·9 (71·7–112·8) | 60·3 (38·2–78·2) | 70·1 (44·0–90·6) | 11·2 (5·8–19·5) | 13·2 (7·0–23·1) | 8·8 (3·3–15·2) | 11·9 (4·5–20·9) |
| Ningxia | 4·2 (3·4–5·1) | 67·9 (55·3–82·0) | 2·7 (2·0–3·5) | 42·4 (31·2–54·9) | 1·1 (0·7–1·6) | 18·5 (12·1–26·2) | 0·6 (0·2–0·9) | 10·4 (4·0–16·9) |
| Jilin | 22·4 (17·6–27·7) | 61·1 (47·9–75·7) | 16·9 (12·2–22·0) | 45·6 (33·0–59·0) | 4·8 (2·6–7·5) | 13·1 (7·0–20·5) | 1·1 (0·4–2·6) | 3·5 (1·2–8·4) |
| Liaoning | 47·0 (37·7–57·2) | 69·7 (56·1–84·5) | 38·6 (29·1–49·2) | 56·8 (43·2–72·4) | 6·4 (3·3–11·0) | 9·5 (5·0–16·3) | 2·9 (1·1–6·2) | 4·9 (1·9–10·4) |
| Shanxi | 27·3 (21·6–34·1) | 63·6 (50·1–79·4) | 18·8 (13·4–24·9) | 43·2 (30·6–57·1) | 6·4 (4·0–9·7) | 14·8 (9·2–22·6) | 3·3 (1·3–5·7) | 8·4 (3·3–14·4) |
| Shaanxi | 29·9 (23·8–37·5) | 62·3 (50·0–77·9) | 20·1 (13·8–27·4) | 41·4 (28·4–56·2) | 7·7 (4·8–11·5) | 16·1 (10·1–24·0) | 3·2 (1·3–5·4) | 7·2 (2·8–12·0) |
| Henan | 95·4 (78·8–115·8) | 88·8 (73·6–107·1) | 68·9 (51·8–87·6) | 63·5 (47·8–80·8) | 20·1 (12·2–31·2) | 18·8 (11·6–29·1) | 10·0 (3·9–17·8) | 10·3 (3·9–18·6) |
| Anhui | 56·4 (45·6–69·9) | 68·3 (55·6–84·8) | 36·5 (25·9–47·4) | 43·7 (31·0–56·6) | 14·5 (9·6–20·9) | 17·5 (11·6–25·3) | 8·3 (3·1–13·9) | 10·6 (4·0–17·7) |
| Inner Mongolia | 21·3 (16·8–26·1) | 77·3 (61·4–94·4) | 13·0 (8·0–18·1) | 46·1 (28·2–64·1) | 6·7 (3·8–10·1) | 24·2 (13·9–36·5) | 2·4 (0·9–4·0) | 10·2 (3·9–17·1) |
| Heilongjiang | 39·2 (29·8–50·0) | 78·1 (59·2–98·4) | 28·2 (17·9–39·6) | 55·4 (35·6–77·7) | 9·3 (5·2–14·7) | 18·6 (10·3–29·3) | 2·5 (0·9–4·9) | 6·0 (2·1–11·9) |
| Health area 4 | ||||||||
| Jiangxi | 36·1 (29·7–43·4) | 76·6 (62·9–91·6) | 20·1 (14·5–26·4) | 42·0 (30·1–55·0) | 12·6 (8·4–17·9) | 26·8 (17·9–37·9) | 5·0 (1·8–8·3) | 11·4 (4·3–19·0) |
| Chongqing | 33·6 (25·7–42·2) | 73·0 (56·0–91·5) | 21·2 (15·1–28·4) | 46·1 (33·0–61·6) | 7·3 (4·6–10·8) | 16·0 (10·1–23·5) | 7·5 (2·7–12·2) | 16·2 (5·9–26·4) |
| Yunnan | 43·1 (33·8–52·2) | 89·8 (70·2–109·0) | 19·6 (12·5–27·9) | 40·2 (25·7–57·1) | 18·7 (13·1–25·5) | 39·0 (27·0–53·2) | 6·8 (2·5–11·4) | 14·9 (5·4–25·1) |
| Gansu | 26·9 (21·8–32·6) | 97·0 (78·1–117·4) | 12·4 (8·2–17·2) | 44·1 (28·9–61·0) | 10·8 (7·6–14·6) | 38·8 (27·6–52·6) | 5·6 (2·1–9·1) | 21·3 (7·9–34·9) |
| Sichuan | 108·7 (83·2–133·8) | 91·0 (70·0–112·0) | 63·7 (35·7–86·8) | 52·9 (29·2–71·3) | 27·9 (17·4–42·6) | 23·4 (14·8–35·5) | 25·4 (9·7–41·2) | 21·8 (8·4–35·0) |
| Health area 5 | ||||||||
| Tibet | 2·6 (2·0–3·1) | 120·9 (95·4–149·3) | 0·6 (0·3–1·2) | 29·3 (14·1–55·0) | 1·6 (1·2–2·1) | 75·8 (55·6–97·7) | 0·4 (0·2–0·7) | 23·4 (8·6–37·7) |
| Xinjiang | 21·9 (15·8–28·0) | 112·1 (80·5–143·1) | 14·7 (6·1–23·1) | 73·7 (30·8–115·9) | 5·3 (2·5–9·2) | 26·7 (12·7–46·8) | 3·0 (1·1–4·9) | 17·9 (6·2–29·4) |
| Qinghai | 5·2 (4·0–6·3) | 101·4 (79·7–123·5) | 2·8 (1·5–3·8) | 54·0 (28·5–73·1) | 1·7 (1·1–2·5) | 32·8 (22·0–48·1) | 1·0 (0·4–1·6) | 21·5 (8·2–35·1) |
| Guangxi | 41·0 (33·1–49·8) | 72·6 (58·8–87·9) | 24·7 (17·9–32·7) | 43·4 (31·5–57·5) | 13·2 (9·0–18·7) | 23·5 (16·0–33·1) | 4·5 (1·6–7·5) | 8·3 (3·0–13·8) |
| Guizhou | 35·0 (28·3–42·2) | 88·4 (71·9–106·3) | 16·1 (11·3–22·3) | 40·2 (28·3–55·0) | 15·0 (10·6–20·3) | 38·1 (26·7–51·0) | 5·6 (2·1–9·5) | 14·8 (5·5–24·7) |
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. Health areas are defined in the Methods.21