Fig. 5.

Palmitoleic acid reduces liver inflammation by modulation of the liver macrophages population and independently of macrophage-specific PPAR-γ knockout. (A) Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in liver and hepatocytes (n = 6–10); (B) flow cytometry gate strategy and % of F4/80, CD86 and CD206 positive liver macrophages (LM) (n = 3–5); (C) relative mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in LM normalized by B2M (n = 3–6). Wild-type (WT) (Cre-) or PPAR-γ KO (Cre+) mice fed with high-fat diet treated with oleic acid (HFD OA) or palmitoleic acid (HFD POA). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. indicated groups. (Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction).