Table 5.
Multivariate Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Skilled Birth Attendance by Country
| Characteristics | Cambodia | Kenya | Zambia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLR | MR | SLR | MR | SLR | MR | |||||||
| OR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | aOR | 95%CI | |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 24 yrs. (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| > = 24 yrs | 1.10 | 0.84, 1.45 | 1.65 ** | 1.14, 2.39 | 0.80 | 0.60, 1.08 | 0.94 | 0.65, 1.36 | 0.48 * | 0.28, 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.32, 1.77 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| None (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Primary | 2.88 *** | 2.19, 3.79 | 1.96 *** | 1.44, 2.69 | 1.64 | 0.85, 3.19 | 1.37 | 0.63, 2.97 | 1.78 | 0.86, 3.70 | 1.46 | 0.60, 3.53 |
| Secondary + | 5.02 *** | 3.48, 7.24 | 2.96 *** | 1.95, 4.47 | 5.38 *** | 2.49, 11.63 | 3.61 ** | 1.48, 8.79 | 1.8 | 0.84, 3.85 | 1.31 | 0.49, 3.50 |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| Primi (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Multi | 2.23 *** | 1.68, 2.97 | 2.31 *** | 1.59, 3.34 | 1.78 *** | 1.25, 2.52 | 1.49 | 0.96, 2.32 | 2.20 * | 1.14, 4.27 | 2.21 | 0.78, 6.26 |
| Wealth | ||||||||||||
| < 40th percentile (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| > = 40th percentile | 4.70 *** | 3.52, 6.26 | 2.12 *** | 1.53, 2.94 | 1.38 * | 1.05, 1.81 | 1.16 | 0.84, 1.59 | 1.06 | 0.65, 1.75 | 1.08 | 0.57, 2.03 |
| Study Arm | ||||||||||||
| Comparison (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Intervention | 18.74 *** | 10.5, 33.6 | 7.48 *** | 3.87, 14.5 | 1.18 | 0.90, 1.55 | 0.60 ** | 0.41, 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.46, 1.26 | 0.82 | 0.42, 1.59 |
| Facility-based ANC | ||||||||||||
| < 4 visits (ref) | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| > = 4 visits | 4.48 *** | 3.52, 5.96 | 1.66 ** | 1.20, 2.29 | 2.88 *** | 2.18, 3.80 | 1.91 *** | 1.36, 2.67 | 2.40 *** | 1.43, 4.00 | 2.53 ** | 1.33, 4.81 |
| ANC Indexa (1–12) | 1.30 *** | 1.25, 1.35 | 1.13 *** | 1.08, 1.19 | 1.21 *** | 1.17, 1.26 | 1.19 *** | 1.13, 1.24 | 1.16 ** | 1.06, 1.28 | 1.08 | 0.94, 1.23 |
| CHW Visits and Services | ||||||||||||
| Number of CHW visits | 1.39 *** | 1.25, 1.55 | 0.96 | 0.82, 1.12 | 1.08 * | 1.01, 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.92, 1.21 | 0.93 | 0.77, 1.11 | 0.73 | 0.44, 1.20 |
| CHW was courteous | 2.70 *** | 2.06, 3.54 | 2.91 | 0.32, 26.7 | 1.22 * | 1.01, 1.76 | 3.00 | 0.75, 12.1 | 0.74 | 0.40, 1.36 | 5.19 | 0.17, 15.8 |
| Satisfied with CHW | 2.65 *** | 2.02, 3.47 | 0.31 | 0.03, 2.96 | 1.28 | 0.97, 1.69 | 0.99 | 0.19, 5.13 | 0.73 | 0.40, 1.34 | 0.27 | 0.01, 8.18 |
| CHW provided counseling during home visits | 3.23 *** | 2.38, 4.38 | 1.06 | 0.61, 1.86 | 1.25 | 0.94, 1.67 | 0.95 | 0.29, 3.31 | 0.80 | 0.43, 1.50 | 0.65 | 0.04, 10.1 |
| CHW used counseling aids/story books | 5.77 *** | 3.63, 9.15 | 1.58 | 0.79, 3.17 | 1.24 | 0.93, 1.66 | 0.95 | 0.41, 2.19 | 0.78 | 0.41, 1.48 | 0.26 | 0.03, 2.63 |
| CHW discussed pregnancy complications | 3.57 *** | 2.52, 5.05 | 1.10 | 0.51, 2.35 | 1.23 | 0.93, 1.63 | 0.66 | 0.16, 2.71 | 0.84 | 0.43, 1.63 | 0.17 | 0.01, 3.46 |
| CHW provided solutions to concerns | 2.98 *** | 2.12, 4.18 | 0.65 | 0.30, 1.41 | 1.23 | 0.93, 1.63 | 0.28 | 0.06, 1.32 | 0.98 | 0.49, 1.96 | 10.5 | 0.72, 15.3 |
| CHW included influential family in discussions | 3.25 *** | 2.29, 4.62 | 1.69 | 0.92, 3.13 | 1.52 ** | 1.12, 2.06 | 2.12 * | 1.06, 4.26 | 0.96 | 0.48, 1.92 | 6.78 * | 1.15,13.9 |
| CHW facilitated access to ANC | 3.23 *** | 2.18, 4.78 | 0.66 | 0.37, 1.18 | 1.29 | 0.96, 1.74 | 0.70 | 0.33, 1.49 | 1.01 | 0.42, 2.39 | 4.01 | 0.68, 24.8 |
| CHW follow up after referral /facility visit | 6.58 *** | 3.94, 10.97 | 2.44 *** | 1.30, 4.60 | 1.85 *** | 1.28, 2.67 | 2.17 ** | 1.25, 3.75 | 0.56 | 0.26, 1.22 | 1.89 * | 1.05, 2.02 |
SLR simple logistic regression, MLR multivariate logistic regression, OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio
ANC Index calculated by summing the total number of services (out of 12) each woman received during her last pregnancy, giving equal weight to each of the 12 services. Minimum score = 0; Maximum score = 12
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001