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. 2020 Aug 31;11:813. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00813

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Copyright © 2020 Wakeling, Ross, Ryan, Bolsterlee, Konno, Domínguez and Nigam.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Strain energy-densities and stress in the longitudinal direction for muscle blocks across all geometries. Strain energy-densities ψ are shown for the active-fibre (A), passive-fibre (B), volumetric (C), and base material (D) components. Note the different scales for the components of strain energy-density, showing much lower strain energy-density for the passive-fibre and volumetric components. The strain energy-densities presented are relative to the undeformed state V₀. Stress σ_x in the x-direction on the x-face (E). Results are shown for the 100% activation state from the simulations.