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. 2020 Aug 31;8:864. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00864

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Copyright © 2020 Chen, Zhou, Kang, Yan, Qian, Li, Wang, Yang, Deng and Qi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Enhanced mineralization activity of IDG-SW3 cells compared to BMSCs. The physical and chemical properties of mineralized 3D gels containing IDG-SW3 cells and BMSCs after 4-week differentiation. (A) The outward appearance of the mineralized 3D gels. Bar, 2 mm. (B) Alizarin Red S staining of the mineralized 3D gels, visualized with a stereomicroscope (SM) or a confocal laser microscope (CLSM). Bar, 2 mm. (C) Scanning electron microscope images of the mineralized 3D gels surface. (D) Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the mineralized 3D gels. (E) Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis of the mineralized 3D gels. (F) X-ray diffraction analysis of the mineralized 3D gels. (G) Viscoelastic properties of the 3D gels with or without cells.