Fig. 1.

Glioma‐conditioned medium inhibited the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). (a) Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)‐derived immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were cultured with or without conditioned medium collected from the supernatant of primary glioma cells and normal human astrocytes (NHAs), followed by induction of maturation. On day 7, morphological change was observed by inverted microscope, bar = 20 μm. (b,c) The percentage of positive cells with DC maturation markers including CD80, CD86 and CD83 on their surface were analyzed by flow cytometry. (d) Flow cytometry profiles were shown as the percentage of positive cells. Results are showed as means ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.); ^*** P < 0·001 versus the iDC group, ^### P < 0·001 versus the NHA medium group. (e) Secretion levels of interleukin (IL)‐12p70, IL‐10, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and IL‐6 were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); ^# P < 0·05, ^### P < 0·001 versus the NHA medium group.