Table 4.
Association of comorbidity with disease activity and functional impairment in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (N = 1776)
| Reference | Univariable analyses | Multivariable analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: number of comorbidities | Model 2: comorbidities taken separately | ||||||
| BASDAI, β (95% CI) | BASFI, β (95% CI) | BASDAI, β (95% CI) | BASFI, β (95% CI) | BASDAI, β (95% CI) | BASFI, β (95% CI) | ||
| Number of comorbidities | Per unit | 0.23 (0.18, 0.27) | 0.45 (0.40, 0.51) | 0.17 (0.09, 0.24) | 0.24 (0.15, 0.32) | ||
| Depression | Not present | 1.14 (0.93, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.38) | 0.66 (0.41, 0.92) | 0.70 (0.40, 0.99) | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | Not present | 0.46 (0.22, 0.69) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.38 (0.10, 0.67) | 0.34 (0.01, 0.66) | ||
| Hypertension (complicated) | Not present | 0.41 (0.04, 0.77) | 1.08 (0.60, 1.56) | 0.69 (0.02, 1.35) | |||
| Hypertension (uncomplicated) | Not present | 0.42 (0.23, 0.61) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.39) | 0.57 (0.25, 0.88) | |||
| Age | Per 10 years | 0.12 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.60 (0.52, 0.67) | 0.06 (− 0.03, 0.16) | 0.41 (0.31, 0.52) | 0.14 (0.05, 0.23) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.55) |
| Sex | Male | 0.68 (0.49, 0.87) | − 0.09 (− 0.33, 0.14) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.79) | − 0.01 (− 0.27, 0.26) | 0.53 (0.31, 0.76) | 0.00 (− 0.27, 0.26) |
| In rheumatologic care | No | 0.46 (0.26, 0.65) | 0.41 (0.17, 0.65) | 0.45 (0.18, 0.73) | 0.51 (0.24, 0.78) | ||
| Body mass index | Per unit | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 0.13 (0.11, 0.16) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.11) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.11) |
| Smoking (current) | No | 0.23 (− 0.02, 0.48) | 0.17 (− 0.13, 0.46) | 0.38 (0.09, 0.66) | 0.58 (0.28, 0.88) | 0.34 (0.06, 0.62) | 0.56 (0.27, 0.86) |
| Suffering from stress | No | 0.70 (0.51, 0.89) | − 0.28 (− 0.52, − 0.04) | 0.59 (0.35, 0.82) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.77) | ||
| Lack of exercise | No | 0.20 (− 0.02, 0.41) | 0.85 (0.57, 1.13) | 0.41 (0.10, 0.72) | 0.44 (0.12, 0.75) | ||
| Household income (€) | |||||||
| < 1500 | > 3200 | 1.17 (0.89, 1.45) | 1.85 (1.50, 2.20) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.05) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.51) | 0.65 (0.30, 1.00) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.50) |
| 1500–3200 | > 3200 | 0.72 (0.48, 0.97) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.44 (0.18, 0.71) | 0.48 (0.20, 0.77) | 0.41 (0.15, 0.68) | 0.46 (0.17, 0.75) |
| NSAIDs | No | 0.77 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.57 (0.33, 0.82) | 0.47 (0.22, 0.72) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.68) | ||
| bDMARDs | No | − 0.36 (− 0.61, − 0.11) | − 0.20 (− 0.50, 0.10) | − 0.31 (− 0.60, − 0.02) | − 0.33 (− 0.61, − 0.04) | ||
| Non-opioid analgesics | No | 0.97 (0.75, 1.19) | 1.28 (1.00, 1.56) | 0.46 (0.18, 0.74) | 0.46 (0.13, 0.79) | 0.43 (0.16, 0.71) | 0.46 (0.13, 0.79) |
| Opioids | No | 1.49 (1.25, 1.73) | 2.31 (2.01, 2.61) | 0.88 (0.54, 1.22) | 1.41 (1.01, 1.82) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.18) | 1.46 (1.06, 1.86) |
| Steroids | No | 0.68 (0.45, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.54, 1.15) | 0.35 (0.01, 0.68) | 0.31 (0.02, 0.59) | 0.39 (0.05, 0.72) | |
| Physical therapy | No | 0.71 (0.52, 0.90) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.00) | 0.34 (0.11, 0.58) | 0.41 (0.14, 0.67) | 0.35 (0.11, 0.58) | 0.40 (0.14, 0.67) |
Variables tested with backward selection: number of comorbidities (only model 1), comorbidities with prevalence > 5% taken separately (only model 2), age, sex, symptom duration, in rheumatologic care, HLA-B27, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, body mass index, lack of exercise, smoking, suffering from stress, household income, NSAIDs, bDMARDs, non-opioid analgesics, opioids, csDMARDs, steroids, number of pharmaceuticals (excluding axSpA-related medication), and physical therapy. Variables not included in the above table were not chosen by the backward selection in any multivariable model. Age and sex were always included in the models
AxSpA axial spondyloarthritis, BASDAI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, BASFI Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, bDMARDs biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs