Table 2.

Results from experimental studies of melatonin application against bladder cancer

Melatonin dose or concentration	Targets	Effects	Model	Cell line	Refs
10 mg/kg 1 mM	cytochrome c, NF-κB, COX-2, IKKβ	Combination of melatonin and curcumin induced cell apoptosis Melatonin exerted pro-apoptotic, anti-migration, and anti-proliferative functions Melatonin synergized curcumin ability to suppress tumor growth	In vivo, in vitro	5637, UMUC3, T24	[67]
100 mg/kg	ZNF746 , p-AKT/MMP-2/MMP-9	Inhibited cancer cell growth, invasion, and migration Induced cell cycle arrest Suppressed oxidative stress	In vivo, in vitro	HT1376, HT1197, RT4, T24	[68]
10− 6 m	Wnt, E-cadherin, N-cadherin Raf/MEK/ERK	Combination of valproic acid and melatonin enhanced cytotoxicity by modulating cell death pathways	In vitro	UC3	[69]