Table 3.

A summary of current findings of melatonin for renal cancer treatment

Melatonin dose or concentration	Targets	Effects	Model	Cell line	Refs
200 mg/kg 0.5, 1, 2 µmol/L	PGC1A, UCP1	Eliminated the abnormal lipid deposits Repressed tumor progression Induced autophagy	In vivo	HK2, 786-O, A498, Caki‐1, ACHN	[97]
0.5–2 mM	MMP-9, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, MT1	Suppressed metastasis and invasion	In vitro	Caki-1, Achn	[72]
0.1, 0.5, or 1 mM	Bim, E2F1, Sp1, proteasome	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	A549, HT29, Caki	[75]
20 mg/kg 10 µM	HIF-1α	Inhibits tumor growth and blocks tumor angiogenesis	In vivo, in vitro	RENCA	[98]
1 mM	CHOP	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	HCT116, HT29, Caki	[73]
1 mM	PUMA	Induced apoptosis	In vitro	Caki	[74]
1 mM	Mcl-1	Attenuated oxaliplatin-mediated apoptosis	In vitro	Caki	[99]
20 mg	–	Increased survival Abrogated the negative influences of opioids on IL-2 immunotherapy cancer cells	Human	–	[100]
40 mg	–	Combination of immunotherapy with IL-2 plus melatonin increased survival time, and lymphocyte and eosinophil number	Human	–	[101]
10 mg	–	In addition to anticancer effects, low doses of human lymphoblastoid interferon and melatonin showed no toxicity in patients	Human	−	[102]