Intervention types	Contents	Outcomes (adolescents and caregivers)
Family-strengthening (multiple family groups)	Psychoeducation Knowledge and understanding of HIV transmission; Understanding developmental issues. Skills development Communication; Responsive parenting; Stress and conflict management; Disclosure strategies; Economic empowerment. Problem-solving Monitoring/protecting adolescents; Managing stigma; Managing bereavement; Social support.	Enhanced knowledge and understanding of HIV transmission; sexual and reproductive health; puberty, identity. Prosocial behavior; resilience; depression, anxiety, self-esteem; conduct problems; self-efficacy; family connectedness; problem-solving skills; good parenting; social support; stigma, social connection, social health assessment.
Client-centred psychosocial counselling	Client-centred psychosocial counselling delivered over 3 months based on problem-solving strategies. Minimum of 1 initial individual counselling session and if necessary, individual received further individual, group and creative therapies (music, art and drama). Counsellors were trained in adolescent health and development, psychological well-being and mental health problems, factors increasing vulnerability, counselling theories, skills and processes, group counselling, creative therapies (music, art and drama), sexual health and HIV and AIDS (knowledge, risks and prevention strategies), alcohol and drug misuse and experience with violence.	Increased knowledge and uptake of HIV and sexual health services among both males and females; 50% reduction in mental health problems (anxiety, depression, attention problems) and 60% reduction in aggressive behaviour only among females. Increased HIV knowledge, knowledge of a place to test for HIV, HIV testing and use of sexual health services increased for both males and females.
Peer-group support	16 psychosocial exercises of 1 h each using trained teachers to provide social support for improved coping among adolescents who had lost one or both parents using participatory psychosocial.	Intervention impacted on reducing anxiety, depression and anger but not enhancing self-concept scores.
Mindfulness	A total of eight group intervention sessions was provided to adolescents over 3 months, with each session lasting 2 h and facilitated by an experienced mindfulness trainer and 2 investigators. Each session covered the general principles of mindfulness meditation followed by practice and homework tasks.	Lower mean emotional and conduct behavior scores in the intervention group compared with the control group. Prosocial behavior scores did not change significantly.