Table 2.

Multivariate analyses of factors associated with humanistic and economic burden among Japanese migraine patients

HRQoL Outcome Variable	Associated Variable		Coefficient [95% CI]	p
PCS (N = 378)	CCI (per unit)		−2.83 [− 4.39, − 1.28]	< 0.001
	Aura	Yes	−3.97 [− 7.23, − 0.71]	0.017
		No	Reference
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	−6.99 [− 10.17, −3.80]	< 0.001
		8–14 days	−1.60 [− 4.97, 1.77]
		4–7 days	Reference
MCS (N = 378)	Marital status	Married or living with partner	Reference	0.020
		Not Married / Decline to answer	−2.33 [−4.30, −0.36]
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	−3.14 [−5.31, − 0.97]	0.004
		8–14 days	−3.08 [− 5.39, − 0.78]
		4–7 days	Reference
RCS (N = 378)	Age (per year)		0.22 [0.09, 0.34]	0.001
	Marital status	Married or living with partner	Reference	0.007
		Not Married / Decline to answer	−4.66 [−8.07, −1.25]
	Currently employed	Yes	5.18 [2.02, 8.34]	0.001
		No	Reference
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	−3.85 [−7.42, −0.27]	0.048
		8–14 days	− 0.86 [−2.93, 4.65]
		4–7 days	Reference
SF-6D (N = 378)	Age (per year)		0.001 [0.001, 0.002]	0.007
	CCI (per unit)		−0.024 [−0.038, − 0.010]	0.001
	Marital status	Married or living with partner	Reference	0.007
		Not Married / Decline to answer	−0.037 [−0.064, − 0.010]
	Currently employed	Yes	0.046 [0.021, 0.071]	< 0.001
		No	Reference
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	−0.064 [−0.092, − 0.036]	< 0.001
		8–14 days	−0.021 [− 0.051, 0.009]
		4–7 days	Reference
WPAI Outcome Variable	Associated Variable		OR [95% CI]	p-value
Absenteeism (N = 208)	Pain is worse on one side of your head or occurs on one side of your head only	Yes	2.15 [1.17, 3.94]	0.014
		No	Reference
Total activity impairment (N = 207)	CCI (per unit)		1.13 [1.03, 1.25]	0.013
	Marital status	Married or living with partner	Reference	0.023
		Not Married / Decline to answer	1.20 [1.03, 1.41]
	Level of education	Completed university education	Reference	0.002
		No university education	0.82 [0.69, 0.96]
		Decline to answer	0.67 [0.53, 0.86]
	Region	Hokkaido	Reference	0.032
		Tohoku	0.63 [0.39, 1.03]
		Kanto	0.84 [0.55, 1.28]
		Chubu	0.75 [0.48, 1.17]
		Kinki	0.84 [0.54, 1.32]
		Chugoku	0.66 [0.38, 1.14]
		Shikoku	0.46 [0.26, 0.82]
		Kyushu/Okinawa	0.66 [0.41, 1.05]
	Currently employed	Yes	0.76 [0.65, 0.88]	< 0.001
		No	Reference
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	1.45 [1.22, 1.73]	< 0.001
		8–14 days	1.11 [0.92, 1.35]
		4–7 days	Reference
HRU Outcome Variable	Associated Variable		OR [95% CI]	p-value
No. of HCP visits in the past 6 months (N = 378)	Age (per year)		1.02 [1.01, 1.03]	0.002
	CCI (per unit)		1.45 [1.19, 1.76]	< 0.001
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	2.10 [1.58, 2.79]	< 0.001
		8–14 days	1.42 [1.05, 1.92]
		4–7 days	Reference
No. of hospitalizations in the past 6 months (N = 378)	CCI (per unit)		4.29 [1.61, 11.48]	0.004
	Level of education	Completed university education	Reference	0.006
		Not	0.12 [0.03, 0.45]
		Decline to answer	0.44 [0.06, 3.20]
	See spots, flashing lights, or “heat waves” before or during the migraine	Yes	4.59 [1.08, 19.54]	0.039
		No	Reference
	Monthly headache days	≥15 days	7.88 [1.90, 32.76]	0.001
		8–14 days	12.03 [3.02, 47.89]
		4–7 days	Reference
Cost Outcome Variable	Associated Variable		OR [95% CI]	p
Absenteeism Cost (N = 208)	Gender	Male	Reference	0.022
		Female	0.47 [0.25, 0.90]
	Pain is worse on one side of your head or occurs on one side of your head only	Yes	2.19 [1.17, 4.11]	0.014
		No	Reference
Presenteeism Cost (N = 219)	Gender	Male	Reference	< 0.001
		Female	0.56 [0.43, 0.74]
Indirect Cost (N = 207)	Gender	Male	Reference	< 0.001
		Female	0.56 [0.43, 0.72]

Abbreviations: HRQoL Health-related quality of life, WPAI Work productivity and activity impairment, HRU Healthcare resource utilization, PCS Physical component summary, MCS Mental component summary, RCS Role/social component summary, HCP Healthcare providers, ER Emergency room, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, RR Relative risk, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval