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. 2020 Sep 10;13:465. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Paraoxon binds conserved residues in both humans’ and mosquitoes’ acetylcholinesterase (AChE), hence toxic to humans. Diethyl phosphonate (DEP) from paraoxon binds covalently to Ser203 in humans AChE (hAChE; PDB ID: 5hf5) and Ser360 in An. gambiae AChE (AgAChE; PDB ID: 5x61), thus inhibiting them. Covalent binding is highlighted in black dotted circle. Also, DEP interacts with Gly122, His447 and Ala204 in hAChE, Gly280, His600 and Ala361 in AgAChE through hydrogen bonds