Table 1.

Classes of insecticides, their resistance mechanisms and associated proteins in Anopheles species

Insecticide class	Resistance mechanism and associated proteins
	Target site	Metabolic resistance
Organophosphates	AChE-G119S in An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii, An. albimanus [106–108, 253, 254]	GSTE2 in An. gambiae [20]
		α- and β-esterases in An. stephensi [99]
Organochlorines, e.g. DDT	Target site is not a metabolic protein	CYP6M2, CYP6P3, GSTD3, GSTE2, in An. gambiae [255]
		CYP6P9a, CYP6P9b, GSTD1-5, GSTD3, GSTE2, α-esterase in An. funestus [78, 256]
Pyrethroids	Target site is not a metabolic protein	CYP4G16 (cuticular resistance), CYP6M2, CYP6P3, CYP6Z2, COEAE1D, GSTE2, GSTD1, GSTD3, GSTE4 in An. gambiae [20, 66, 91, 95, 101, 257, 258]
		CYP6M7, CYP6P9a, CYP6P9b, CYP6P4, CYP9J11, CYP9K1 in An. funestus [78, 79, 256, 259, 260]
		CYP6AA3 and CYP6P7 in An. minimus [261]
		CYP325C1, GSTS1-1, GSTS1-2, GSTMIC2, COEJHE2, AnstABCB2, AnstABCBmember6, AnstABCG4 in An. stephensi [104, 262]
		CYP6P1, CYP6Z1, CYP6Z3, CYP9K1, CYP9J5, CYP9M1, GSTE2, GSTE5, GSTM1, GSTMS3, GSTS1-2, GSTS1-1, GSTE4, COEAE3G, COEAE4G, COEAE5G in An. coluzzii [77, 90, 100]
		CYP6AG2, CYPZ1, TPX2, CYPZ2, CYP6P1, CYP6P4, GSTE4 in An. arabiensis [95, 263, 264]
		CYP4H14, CYP6AA1, CYP6M3, CYP6M17, CYP6P2, α-esterase 10, AChE1 in An. sinensis [72, 265]
		CYP4C26, CYP6P5, CYP9K1 in An. albimanus [266]
Carbamates	AChE-G119S in An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii, An. albimanus. N485I in An. funestus [106–108, 110, 254]	CYP4H17, CYP6P3, CYP6Z3, CYP6Z1, CYP12F2, CYP6M3 CYP6P4, GSTD3 in An. gambiae [20, 75, 267]
		CYP6M2, CYP6P3, CYP6Z1 in An. funestus [268]