. 2020 Sep 10;13:465. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5

Table 4.

Possible Anopheles’ metabolic proteins for vector control strategies based on their role in malaria transmission

Role in malaria transmission	Metabolic protein	Possible intervention strategy
Destruction of Plasmodium ookinetes	Chymotrypsin^a [136]	Genetic modification: development of refractory mosquitoes with enhanced expression of proteins post blood-feeding. Prevention of peritrophic membrane development
Destruction of Plasmodium ookinetes	Trypsin^a [135, 136]
Enhances immune response to Plasmodium parasite	Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase^a (PAH) [196]	Genetic modification: development of refractory mosquitoes with increased expression of proteins post blood-feeding
Enhances immune response to Plasmodium parasite	Nitric oxide synthase^b (NOS) [170, 172]
Enhances Plasmodium parasite development or negative regulator of immune response	Carboxypeptidase^a [143]	Transmission-blocking agents: inhibition of proteins provides transmission-blocking strategies. Carboxypeptidase can be already targeted using antibodies [143]
	Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase^a [179]
	3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase^a [189]
	Ornithine decarboxylase^a [200]
	Aquaporin 3 [178]
	Trehalose transporter^c [177]
	Catalase^b [158]
	Vitellogenin^d [5]
	Lipophorin^d [5]
	Apolipophorin^d [181, 182]
Fecundity	Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PAH)^a [196]	Sterilants: inhibition may offer sterilizing strategies
	Ornithine decarboxylase^a [197]
	Heme oxygenase [6]
	Vitellogenin^d [5]
	Catalase^b [204]
Energy production during flight	Trehalase^c [156]	Flight inhibitors: inhibition may provide flight inhibition strategies
	Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase^a [144]
	Proline oxidase^a [144]
Insecticide resistance	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases^e [238]	Synergists: inhibitors may reverse insecticide resistance
Insecticide resistance	Glutathione S-transferases^e [238]	Synergists: inhibitors may reverse insecticide resistance
Survival or development of mosquitoes	Aquaporin 3 [178]	Insecticides: inhibitors may act as insecticides
	Catalase^b [159]
	3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase^a [189]
	Carbonic anhydrase [52]
	Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases [51]
	Chorion peroxidase [207]
	V-ATPases [218, 219]
	Phosphofructokinase^c [50]

^aProtein involved in protein/amino acid metabolism

^bProtein involved in metabolism of reactive oxygen species

^cProtein involved in carbohydrate metabolism

^dProtein involved in lipid metabolism

^eProtein involved in xenobiotic metabolism