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. 2020 Sep 11;20:873. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07376-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — TRAIL-based liposomal therapy killed CTCs from metastatic cancer patients. a Scatter dot charts represent the normalized cell viability percentage of CTCs treated with vehicle control and TRAIL-based liposomal therapy in flowing blood for 4 h at different time points of cancer treatment: Baseline, 1 cycle of chemotherapy and 2 cycles of chemotherapy (mean ± SD, N = 68 from 26 cancer patients). Significant decrease (****P < 0.0001) of CTC in treated samples was calculated using a paired t test. b Immunofluorescence photomicrographs of CTCs remaining after being treated in flowing blood with vehicle control and TRAIL-liposomal therapy in patients with gastric, rectal, breast and lung cancer (CD45 is red, Cytokeratin is green and DAPI is blue). Scale bar is 40 μm. c Scatter dot charts represent the reduction in cell viability percentage in treated samples with TRAIL-based liposomal therapy before and after chemotherapy (mean ± SD, N = 65 from 26 patients). Non-significant increase (P = 0.1424) in killing rate of CTC after receiving 1 or 2 cycles of chemotherapy was calculated using one-way ANOVA (repeats matched) test. d Scatter dot plots represent the variation in cell viability reduction percentage in treated samples with TRAIL-liposomal therapy by cancer type (mean ± SD, N = 65 from 26 patients). There were no significant differences (P = 0.2514) in the mean CTC reduction by cancer type as determined with one-way ANOVA