Table 2.

Comparison of Blood and Urine Profile in Patients According to Diabetic Retinopathy

	No DR	Mild to Moderate NPDR	Severe NPDR	Treatment-Naïve PDR	P Value*
Hemoglobin, g/dL	13.8 ± 1.0	18.7 ± 25.3	17.1 ± 22.3	12.7 ± 2.3	0.365
Hematocrit, %	39.5 ± 3.3	41.0 ± 4.0	39.4 ± 5.1	38.7 ± 6.0	0.074
Total protein, g/dL	7.0 ± 0.2	7.1 ± 0.4	7.0 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.7	0.374
Albumin, g/dL	4.2 ± 0.4	4.2 ± 0.3	4.2 ± 0.4	3.9 ± 0.5	0.002†
Albumin/ globulin ratio	0.60 ± 0.04	0.60 ± 0.04	0.60 ± 0.05	0.56 ± 0.04	<0.001†
Total bilirubin, mg/dL	0.72 ± 0.28	0.64 ± 0.24	0.58 ± 0.25	0.55 ± 0.23	0.089
Direct bilirubin, mg/dL	0.22 ± 0.08	0.21 ± 0.1	0.18 ± 0.11	0.16 ± 0.09	0.042†
AST, IU/L	23.6 ± 6.8	22.1 ± 11.9	24.0 ± 9.0	22.5 ± 8.1	0.685
ALT, IU/L	19.2 ± 8.2	18.3 ± 10.7	23.9 ± 13.2	21.0 ± 11.3	0.096
ALP, IU/L	76.4 ± 11.7	80.1 ± 26.4	77.6 ± 30.2	86.9 ± 29.8	0.284
GGT, IU/L	22.8 ± 5.3	28.8 ± 41.2	28.4 ± 22.4	38.8 ± 33.4	0.182
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	161.4 ± 31.1	144.1 ± 29.8	142.5 ± 38.8	186.0 ± 67.2	<0.001†
BUN/Cr ratio	19.0 ± 6.1	21.9 ± 6.1	19.8 ± 7.7	19.7 ± 6.9	0.261
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.89 ± 0.24	0.81 ± 0.25	0.99 ± 0.52	1.17 ± 0.91	0.01†
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	86.4 ± 7.7	97.2 ± 22.7	86.7 ± 32.2	81.4 ± 34.1	0.026†
Calcium, mg/dL	9.3 ± 0.3	9.1 ± 0.3	9.1 ± 0.3	9.0 ± 0.4	0.051
Phosphorus, mg/dL	3.2 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	3.8 ± 0.6	0.066
Urine microalbumin, mg/L	98.4 ± 87.8	144.2 ± 317.8	434.8 ± 1509.5	1631.0 ± 2981.5	<0.001
ACR, µg/mg Cr	63.3 ± 120.2	167.7 ± 500.5	280.4 ± 610.8	1189.9 ± 1827.3	<0.001

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.

ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio of urine; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

^*Analysis of variance among the groups.

^†P < 0.05, post hoc analyses are not shown.