Table 2.
Barriers to cervical cancer screening participation among migrant women
| Factors | Study | Participants’ country of origin |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Older age groups |
[47] [46] [49] [40] |
Low- and middle-income countries Not specified Eastern Europe Not Specified |
| Younger age groups |
[47] [49] [48] |
High income countries Asia Russia |
| Being unmarried |
[47] [51] [54] [53] |
Low- and middle-income countries Somalia Not specified Not specified |
| Being married/cohabiting |
[49] [51] [42] |
Asia and South America Russia and Kurdistan Denmark and Norway |
| Not having children |
[48] [54] [42] |
Kurdistan Not specified Denmark and Norway |
| Having children | [42] | Denmark and Norway |
| Low social support |
[42] [53] [44] [41] |
Denmark and Norway Not specified Africa Not Specified |
| Low educational level |
[47] [48] |
Not specified Kurdistan |
| Being unemployed |
[51] [48] [54] |
Russia and Kurdistan Kurdistan Not specified |
| Being employed | [51] | Somalia |
| No insurance |
[53] [38] |
Not specified Not specified |
| Low socioeconomic status |
[27] [49] [54] [38] [41] |
Pakistan and Somalia Not specified Not specified Not specified Not Specified |
| Very high socioeconomic status | [47] | Not specified |
| Having a smaller household | [51] | Kurdistan |
| Having a bigger household | [51] | Russia and Somalia |
| Living in urban areas |
[49] [51] |
Not specified Russia and Kurdistan |
| Living in rural areas |
[51] [48] |
Somalia Somalia |
| Healthcare system | ||
| Not having a female healthcare provider |
[27] [49] [50] [37] [43] [52] |
Pakistan and Somalia Not specified Somalia Somalia Not specified Not specified |
| Not having a gynecologist doing the screening test |
[52] [39] |
Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Perception of the screening as impersonal | [42] | Denmark and Norway |
| Long waiting time in healthcare services |
[42] [44] [39] |
Denmark and Norway Africa Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Lack of time and/or information from healthcare providers |
[27] [52] |
Not specified |
| Poor hygiene in healthcare services | [39] | Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Lack of access to healthcare services | [46] | Not specified |
| Negative relationship with healthcare provider | [27] | Pakistan and Somalia |
| Unprofessional healthcare providers |
[42] [50] [39] |
Denmark and Norway Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Healthcare providers lack of skills to work with migrant women | [52] | Not specified |
| Having a migrant healthcare provider | [49] | Western and Eastern Europe, Asia |
| Unaccustomed to preventive healthcare |
[43] [41] |
Not specified Not Specified |
| Lack of regular medical checkups |
[48] [54] [41] |
Russia, Somalia, Kurdistan Not specified Not Specified |
| Psychological | ||
| Fear of the screening test |
[44] [37] [43] [52] [39] [41] |
Africa Somalia Not specified Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Fear of the test result/fear of cancer |
[42] [50] [37] [39] [41] |
Denmark. Norway Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Emotional discomfort about the screening test |
[42] [44] [50] [43] [39] [41] |
Denmark, Norway Africa Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Fatalistic views about cancer |
[50] [41] |
Somalia Not Specified |
| Lack of trust in healthcare services |
[27] [50] [39] [41] |
Pakistan, Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Negative past experiences in healthcare services |
[27] [44] [37] [41] |
Pakistan and Somalia Africa Somalia Not Specified |
| Experiencing sexual assault | [42] | Denmark, Norway |
| Experiencing female genital mutilation |
[27] [50] |
Somalia Somalia |
| Other life priorities |
[42] [37] [52] [41] |
Denmark, Norway Somalia Not specified Not Specified |
| Lack of time |
[50] [37] [39] [41] |
Somalia Somalia Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Migration-related | ||
| Country of birth |
[12] [47] [46] [40] [45] |
Not specified Africa, Asia Not specified South-Central Asia, Western Europe, South-Eastern Asia, North America Not specified |
| Short length of stay in the country |
[49] [48] [54] [42] [39] [45] |
Not specified Russia Not specified Denmark, Norway Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not specified |
| Long length of stay in the country | [49] | Western Europe, Asia, Africa, South America |
| Older age at migration | [12] | Not specified |
| Re-immigration | [54] | Not specified |
| Attending cervical cancer screening in home country |
[44] [39] |
Africa Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Knowledge-related | ||
| Lack of information about cervical cancer screening |
[27] [44] [38] [50] [37] [43] [39] [41] |
Pakistan, Somalia Africa Not specified Somalia Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Lack of information about cervical cancer |
[27] [50] [43] |
Pakistan, Somalia Somalia Not specified |
| Low perceived need of screening |
[42] [50] [37] |
Denmark, Norway Somalia Somalia |
| Lack of information regarding the healthcare services |
[42] [38] [43] [39] |
Denmark, Norway Not specified Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Language-related | ||
| Language difficulties |
[27] [48] [44] [37] [52] [39] [41] |
Pakistan, Somalia Russia Africa Somalia Not specified Poland, Slovakia, Romania Not Specified |
| Family member/male interpreter during the screening test |
[27] [52] |
Pakistan, Somalia Not specified |
| Not having an interpreter during the screening test |
[37] [41] |
Somalia Not Specified |
| Cultural | ||
| Cultural differences |
[42] [39] |
Denmark, Norway Poland, Slovakia, Romania |
| Social stigma about women’s health |
[43] [41] |
Not specified Not Specified |
| Religious beliefs |
[27] [50] |
Pakistan and Somalia Somalia |