Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of prevalence of heartburn
| Variable | Studies (N) | Sample (N) | Heterogeneity | 95% CI | Pooled prevalence (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total subjects | Event | I2 | P-Value | ||||||
| Daily | Areas | Center | 3 | 7727 | 98 | 89.58 | < 0.001 | 0.48–2.13 | 1.02 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 136 | – | – | 10.92–14.94 | 12.80 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 1294 | 98.10 | < 0.001 | 0.23–39.75 | 3.78 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 46.616, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 67 | – | – | 1.50–2.41 | 1.90 | |
| General population | 4 | 12,249 | 1438 | 97.67 | < 0.001 | 1.86–7.92 | 3.88 | ||
| Health care worker | 1 | 3008 | 24 | – | – | 0.54–1.19 | 0.80 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 19.304, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1998–2005 | 4 | 8793 | 235 | 98.02 | < 0.001 | 0.42–8.35 | 1.93 | |
| 2006–2015 | 2 | 9981 | 1294 | 98.10 | < 0.001 | 0.23–39.75 | 3.78 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.672, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.672 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 3 | 11,047 | 1431 | 98.84 | < 0.001 | 4.27–12.53 | 7.40 | |
| Moderate risk | 3 | 7727 | 98 | 89.58 | < 0.001 | 0.48–2.13 | 1.02 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 17.950, df(Q) = 1, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Questionnaire + Interview | 5 | 17,708 | 1392 | 99.31 | < 0.001 | 0.37–7.43 | 1.69 | |
| Interview | 1 | 1066 | 136 | – | – | 10.92–14.94 | 12.80 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 7.342, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.007 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 1.211 (95% CI: 0.915–1.602, P = 0.180); Heterogeneity: I2: 0%, P = 0.829 | ||||||||
| Weekly | Areas | Center | 7 | 35,634 | 3014 | 99.66 | < 0.001 | 4.38–16.29 | 8.62 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 96 | – | – | 7.42–10.87 | 9.00 | ||
| North | 3 | 5697 | 181 | 90.56 | < 0.001 | 2.04–5.97 | 3.50 | ||
| South | 4 | 11,318 | 2668 | 97.75 | < 0.001 | 10.64–25.31 | 16.37 | ||
| West | 1 | 410 | 123 | – | – | 25.85–34.72 | 30.10 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 131.724, df(Q) = 4, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 81 | – | – | 1.85–2.85 | 2.30 | |
| General population | 11 | 45,674 | 5633 | 99.65 | < 0.001 | 7.14–18.48 | 11.66 | ||
| Health care worker | 3 | 4197 | 180 | 97.84 | < 0.001 | 1.60–13.25 | 4.74 | ||
| injured people of B | 1 | 737 | 188 | – | – | 22.48–28.77 | 25.50 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 364.779, df(Q) = 3, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 8 | 16,586 | 948 | 99.03 | < 0.001 | 2.86–10.91 | 5.66 | |
| 2005–2013 | 8 | 37,539 | 5133 | 99.70 | < 0.001 | 8.94–25.47 | 15.48 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 5.330, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.021 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 6 | 32,832 | 3913 | 99.76 | < 0.001 | 5.58–24.24 | 12.08 | |
| Moderate risk | 10 | 21,296 | 2169 | 99.39 | < 0.001 | 4.36–14.88 | 8.19 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.614, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.433 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 2 | 4100 | 357 | 0 | 0.690 | 7.88–9.61 | 8.71 | |
| Questionnaire | 4 | 7001 | 1432 | 98.09 | < 0.001 | 8.76–24.18 | 14.90 | ||
| Questionnaire + Interview | 10 | 43,024 | 4292 | 99.70 | < 0.001 | 4.11–15.09 | 8.03 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 3.897, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.142 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 1.678 (95% CI: 1.105–2.548, P = 0.015); Heterogeneity: I2: 80.16%, P < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Monthly | Areas | Center | 3 | 7727 | 423 | 94.26 | < 0.001 | 3.46–7.91 | 5.26 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 119 | – | – | 9.44–13.24 | 11.20 | ||
| North | 1 | 589 | 30 | – | – | 3.59–7.20 | 5.10 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 4256 | 99.60 | < 0.001 | 1.14–77.24 | 16.49 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 27.0761, df(Q) = 3, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 144 | – | – | 3.49–4.81 | 4.10 | |
| General population | 4 | 12,249 | 4432 | 99.69 | < 0.001 | 2.40–38.88 | 11.11 | ||
| Health care worker | 2 | 3597 | 253 | 74.63 | < 0.001 | 4.44–9.07 | 6.37 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 6.229, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.044 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 5 | 9382 | 573 | 95.15 | < 0.001 | 4.16–8.93 | 6.12 | |
| 2005–2013 | 2 | 9981 | 4256 | 99.60 | < 0.001 | 1.14–77.24 | 16.49 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.571, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.450 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 3 | 11,047 | 4375 | 99.66 | < 0.001 | 2.96–48.85 | 14.57 | |
| Moderate risk | 4 | 8316 | 453 | 91.48 | < 0.001 | 3.71–7.31 | 5.23 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.582, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.208 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 1 | 1066 | 119 | – | – | 9.44–13.24 | 11.20 | |
| Questionnaire + Interview | 6 | 18,297 | 4709 | 99.81 | < 0.001 | 1.90–26.74 | 7.76 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.288, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.592 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 1.282 (95% CI: 1.282–1.729, P < 0.001); Heterogeneity: I2: 16.13%, P = 0.311 | ||||||||
| Overall | Areas | Center | 6 | 15,496 | 3022 | 99.35 | < 0.001 | 11.70–27.69 | 18.38 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 352 | – | – | 30.26–35.90 | 33.02 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 5370 | 99.65 | < 0.001 | 10.39–73.94 | 36.45 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 7.973, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.019 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 369 | – | – | 7.54–9.38 | 8.42 | |
| General population | 6 | 15,349 | 6827 | 99.62 | < 0.001 | 16.36–44.01 | 28.17 | ||
| Health care worker | 2 | 7677 | 1621 | 98.17 | < 0.001 | 14.06–27.99 | 20.14 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 34.143, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 6 | 11,893 | 2258 | 99.39 | < 0.001 | 11.40–31.36 | 19.52 | |
| 2005–2013 | 3 | 14,650 | 6486 | 99.85 | < 0.001 | 13.15–59.27 | 31.94 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.996, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.318 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 4 | 15,716 | 6838 | 99.83 | < 0.001 | 16.21–53.86 | 32.22 | |
| Moderate risk | 5 | 10,827 | 1906 | 99.45 | < 0.001 | 9.22–30.35 | 17.38 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.908, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.167 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 2 | 3466 | 1096 | 99.44 | < 0.001 | 29.86–33.66 | 31.73 | |
| Questionnaire | 2 | 5369 | 1394 | 98.69 | < 0.001 | 18.00–48.35 | 31.19 | ||
| Questionnaire + Interview | 5 | 17,708 | 6254 | 99.87 | < 0.001 | 5.54–49.93 | 17.66 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.148, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.505 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 1.414 (95% CI: 1.093–1.829, P = 0.008); Heterogeneity: I2: 79.84%, P = 0.002 | ||||||||
CI Confidence intervals, N number