Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of prevalence of regurgitation
| Variable | Studies (N) | Sample (N) | Heterogeneity | 95% CI | Pooled prevalence (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total subjects | Event | I2 | P-Value | ||||||
| Daily | Areas | Center | 3 | 7727 | 188 | 94.21 | < 0.001 | 0.97–4.09 | 2.00 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 163 | – | – | 13.26–17.59 | 15.30 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 1165 | 98.05 | < 0.001 | 00.94–25.82 | 5.43 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 33.289, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 128 | – | – | 3.07–4.31 | 3.64 | |
| General population | 4 | 12,249 | 1346 | 97.96 | < 0.001 | 2.78–10.41 | 5.45 | ||
| Health care worker | 1 | 3008 | 42 | – | – | 1.04–1.89 | 1.40 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 33.09, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1998–2005 | 4 | 8793 | 351 | 99.04 | < 0.001 | 1.04–10.53 | 3.40 | |
| 2006–2015 | 2 | 9981 | 1162 | 98.05 | < 0.001 | 0.94–25.82 | 5.43 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.196, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.658 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 3 | 11,047 | 1328 | 98.90 | < 0.001 | 5.03–13.76 | 8.42 | |
| Moderate risk | 3 | 7727 | 188 | 94.56 | < 0.001 | 0.97–4.09 | 2.00 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 10.268, df(Q) = 1, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
|
Method of data collection Sex |
Questionnaire + Interview | 5 | 17,708 | 1353 | 99.17 | < 0.001 | 1.07–8.02 | 2.98 | |
| Interview | 1 | 1066 | 163 | 99.51 | < 0.001 | 13.26–17.59 | 15.30 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 10.819, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.001 | |||||||||
| The odds ratio of females to males: 1.315 (95% CI: 0.786–2.201, P = 0.297); Heterogeneity: I2: 64.23%, P = 0.061 | |||||||||
| Weekly | Areas | Center | 4 | 27,266 | 1931 | 99.22 | < 0.001 | 4.02–12.65 | 7.23 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 124 | – | – | 9.81–13.66 | 11.60 | ||
| North | 2 | 1490 | 150 | 93.15 | < 0.001 | 4.53–17.19 | 9.03 | ||
| South | 4 | 11,318 | 2583 | 98.55 | < 0.001 | 6.71–24.37 | 13.21 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 3.130, df(Q) = 3, P = 0.372 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 162 | – | – | 3.96–5.34 | 4.60 | |
| General population | 6 | 32,689 | 4296 | 99.71 | < 0.001 | 6.71–23.16 | 12.83 | ||
| Health care worker | 3 | 4197 | 257 | 93.11 | < 0.001 | 4.27–11.51 | 7.08 | ||
| injured people of B | 1 | 737 | 74 | – | – | 8.03–12.38 | 1.00 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 38.144, df(Q) = 3, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 7 | 12,379 | 1093 | 98.18 | < 0.001 | 5.55–13.53 | 8.75 | |
| 2005–2013 | 4 | 28,761 | 3695 | 99.82 | < 0.001 | 4.51–27.80 | 11.89 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 6.547, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.563 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 4 | 29,227 | 3753 | 99.83 | < 0.001 | 4.68–27.62 | 12.04 | |
| Moderate risk | 7 | 11,913 | 1035 | 98.16 | < 0.001 | 5.41–13.62 | 8.67 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.393, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.531 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 1 | 1066 | 124 | – | – | 9.81–13.66 | 11.60 | |
| Questionnaire | 3 | 2238 | 252 | 22.68 | < 0.001 | 9.85–12.86 | 11.27 | ||
| Questionnaire + Interview | 7 | 37,836 | 4412 | 99.73 | < 0.001 | 4.61–16.96 | 9.04 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.552, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.759 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 0.856 (95% CI: 0.509–1.4339, P = 0.558); Heterogeneity: I2: 84.17%, P < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Monthly | Areas | Center | 3 | 7727 | 842 | 98.17 | < 0.001 | 6.94–18.29 | 11.44 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 144 | – | – | 11.58–15.69 | 13.50 | ||
| North | 1 | 589 | 77 | – | – | 10.52–15.97 | 13.00 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 4056 | 99.59 | < 0.001 | 2.06–71.12 | 18.55 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.552, df(Q) = 3, P = 0.907 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 239 | – | – | 6.01–7.68 | 6.80 | |
| General population | 4 | 12,249 | 4388 | 99.61 | < 0.001 | 6.03–37.74 | 16.47 | ||
| Health care worker | 2 | 3597 | 492 | 0 | 0.605 | 12.59–14.83 | 13.67 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 88.495, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 5 | 9382 | 1062 | 96.48 | < 0.001 | 8.80–16.47 | 12.12 | |
| 2005–2013 | 2 | 9981 | 4056 | 99.59 | < 0.001 | 2.06–71.12 | 18.55 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.167, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.683 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 3 | 11,047 | 4200 | 99.62 | < 0.001 | 4.44–46.54 | 16.75 | |
| Moderate risk | 4 | 8316 | 918 | 97.28 | < 0.001 | 7.92–17.23 | 11.80 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.273, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.601 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 1 | 1066 | 144 | – | – | 11.58–15.69 | 13.50 | |
| Questionnaire + Interview | 6 | 18,297 | 4975 | 99.76 | < 0.001 | 5.64–29.99 | 13.80 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.002, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.960 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 0.500 (95% CI: 0.085–2.952, P = 0.859); Heterogeneity: I2: 98.30%, P < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Overall | Areas | Center | 4 | 10,127 | 2758 | 95.05 | < 0.001 | 23.09–31.00 | 26.86 |
| East | 1 | 1066 | 431 | – | – | 37.53–43.41 | 40.43 | ||
| South | 2 | 9981 | 7326 | 99.79 | < 0.001 | 18.17–88.55 | 56.72 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 26.883, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Population | Blood donors | 1 | 3517 | 870 | – | – | 23.33–26.18 | 24.73 | |
| General population | 5 | 14,649 | 8818 | 99.84 | < 0.001 | 19.28–67.23 | 41.18 | ||
| Health care worker | 1 | 3008 | 827 | – | – | 25.93–29.12 | 27.50 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 8.028, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.018 | |||||||||
| Year of studies | 1991–2004 | 5 | 11,193 | 3198 | 97.12 | < 0.001 | 24.40–34.70 | 29.28 | |
| 2005–2013 | 2 | 9981 | 7326 | 99.79 | < 0.001 | 17.17–88.55 | 56.72 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.587, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.208 | |||||||||
| Quality of studies | Low risk | 3 | 11,047 | 7757 | 99.78 | < 0.001 | 22.40–79.34 | 51.29 | |
| Moderate risk | 4 | 10,127 | 2758 | 95.02 | < 0.001 | 23.09–31.00 | 26.86 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 2.483, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.115 | |||||||||
| Method of data collection | Interview | 2 | 3466 | 1218 | 94.67 | < 0.001 | 29.35–44.21 | 36.46 | |
| Questionnaire + Interview | 5 | 17,708 | 9297 | 99.90 | < 0.001 | 14.91–65.41 | 36.53 | ||
| Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.000, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.996 | |||||||||
| Sex | The odds ratio of females to males: 1.046 (95% CI: 0.712–1.539, P = 0.818); Heterogeneity: I2: 99.19%, P < 0.001 | ||||||||
CI Confidence intervals, N number