Table 3.
Application of MSC-derived EVs in Alzheimer’s disease
| Source | Extraction method | Administration scheme | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hucMSC | ExoQuick | Male 7 months old AβPP/PS1 mice 30 μg/100 μl, i.v., every 2 weeks, four times | Alleviate neuroinflammation and Aβ deposition | [111] |
| ADSCs | Ultracentrifuge | Co-culture N2a cells with ADSCs in serum-free medium for 2–3 days |
Carry active NEP Decrease Aβ levels |
[112] |
| RVG-BM-MSC | Ultracentrifuge | 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice; B6C3-Tg 5 × 1011 /100 μl, i.v. monthly for 4 months |
Improve learning and memory capabilities Reduce plaque deposition Normalize inflammatory cytokine levels |
[72] |
| BM-MSC | Ultracentrifuge | APP/PS1 mice 100 μg/5 μl, i.c.v., once per 2 days for 2 weeks |
Alleviate iNOS expression Improve cognitive behavior Reduce synaptic impairment and LTP |
[113] |
| PC-BM-MSC | ExoQuick | 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice 150 μg/80 μl, i.v., biweekly for 4 months |
Improve learning and memory capabilities Restore synaptic dysfunction Regulate inflammatory responses |
[114] |
| hMSC | Ultracentrifuge | hippocampal cells incubated with HMSC-EVs (6 × 108 particles) for 22 h, add AβOs (500 nM) for 2 h |
Rescue oxidative stress Block synapse damage Carry active catalase |
[115] |
| BM-MSC | Ultracentrifuge | Co-culture MSC-exo with hippocampal neurons in serum-free medium for 24 h, add AβOs (500 nM) for 6 h/24 h | Protect neurons against AβO-induced oxidative stress and synapse damage | [116] |
| ADSCs | Ultracentrifuge + ExoQuick | Incubate NSCs from TG2576 mice with ADSC-exo (200 μg/mL) for 24/48 h | Reduce Aβ levels and neuronal apoptosis | [117] |
| BM-MSC | Ultracentrifuge | 5-month-old APP/PS1 mice 22.4 μg/4 μL, i.c.v. |
Reduce Aβ burden and the amount of dystrophic neurites Carry neprilysin |
[118] |
| hUMSCs | Ultracentrifuge | Nine-month-old male APP/PS1 mice 2 mg/ml, i.c.v., continuously at 0.25 μL/h for 14 days |
Reduce Aβ generation, inflammation and oxidative stress Inhibit microglia activity Improve spatial learning and memory function |
[119] |
hucMSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, ADSCs human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, CM conditioned medium, hMSC human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells, BM-MSC bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, RVG rabies viral glycoprotein, LTP long-term potentiation, i.v. intravenous injection, i.c.v. intraventricular injection, PC hypoxia-preconditioned, AβOs amyloid beta oligomers, NSCs neuronal stem cells