Table 5.
Exposure to Intervention
| Item | Control | Intervention | PD, % | 95% CI | APD% | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | |||||
| Recently heard about toilets in any of these contexts (in last 6 months) | ||||||||
| Conversation with others | 1214 | 6.7 | 1278 | 9.9 | 3.1 | 0.6/5.6 | 2.8 | 0.3/5.4 |
| Visits to neighbours | 1214 | 3.1 | 1278 | 4.5 | 1.3 | −0.2/2.8 | 1.2 | −0.3/2.8 |
| WhatsApp message | 1214 | 2.1 | 1278 | 3.1 | 1.0 | −0.7/2.7 | 0.4 | −1.1/2.0 |
| Village meeting | 1214 | 14.3 | 1278 | 23.5 | 9.1 | 5.1/13.1 | 8.4 | 4.3/12.4 |
| Event in community | 1214 | 13.1 | 1278 | 30.0 | 16.7 | 11.4/22 | 16.3 | 11/21.6 |
| Posters /stickers | 1214 | 6.9 | 1278 | 13.2 | 6.5 | 3.6/9.5 | 6.2 | 3.2/9.2 |
| Radio | 1214 | 0.4 | 1278 | 0.6 | 0.1 | −0.4/0.7 | 0.0 | −0.1/0.1 |
| TV | 1214 | 21.9 | 1278 | 22.9 | 1.3 | −3.3/5.8 | 0.0 | −0.5/4.4 |
| What did you hear | ||||||||
| One should construct a toilet if a household doesn’t have one | 1214 | 14.4 | 1278 | 19.9 | 5.6 | 2.0/9.2 | 5.2 | 1.6/8.9 |
| One should improve one’s toilet if it is poor quality | 1214 | 6.7 | 1278 | 12.1 | 5.4 | 3.1/7.7 | 5.2 | 2.8/7.5 |
| One should use toilet for defecation instead of going out in the open | 1214 | 18.5 | 1278 | 25.0 | 6.3 | 2.5/10.1 | 5.8 | 2.1/9.5 |
| After hearing this did you make changes to your toilet or done anything as a consequence? | ||||||||
| talked with someone | 1214 | 15.0 | 1278 | 18.3 | 3.4 | −0.1/7.5 | 3.1 | −1.1/7.3 |
| made changes to my toilet | 1214 | 8.0 | 1278 | 12.8 | 4.6 | 1.3/7.8 | 4.0 | 0.8/7.2 |
| saved money for a toilet | 1214 | 3.5 | 1278 | 3.6 | −0.1 | −1.8/1.8 | 0.2 | −1.6/2.0 |
| Heard of any community event that talks about toilet in the past 6 months | 1214 | 18.5 | 1278 | 39.1 | 20.7 | 15.4/26.0 | 19.7 | 14.3/25.1 |
| Attended such an event | 1214 | 8.3 | 1278 | 22.3 | 13.9 | 10.6/17.1 | 13.3 | 9.9/16.7 |
| Promote toilet improvement | 1214 | 6.5 | 1278 | 18.3 | 11.7 | 8.8/14.6 | 11.2 | 8.1/14.2 |
| Commit to improve toilet | 1214 | 22.8 | 1278 | 12.3 | −12.3 | −21.2/−3.5 | −12.5 | −21.4/−3.5 |
| Heard the phrase ‘5 star toilet’ | 1214 | 2.6 | 1278 | 13.9 | 11.3 | 8.9/13.8 | 10.9 | 8.5/13.4 |
| Where did you hear it | ||||||||
| TV | 1214 | 0.7 | 1278 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.0/1.9 | 0.1 | 0.0/1.9 |
| Village meeting | 1214 | 1.2 | 1278 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 2.6/5.2 | 0.4 | 2.4/5.1 |
| Community event | 1214 | 1.8 | 1278 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 6.7/11.5 | 8.8 | 6.4/11.2 |
| WhatsApp message | 1214 | 0.3 | 1278 | 0.5 | 0.1 | −0.4/0.6 | 0.1 | −0.4/0.1 |
| Posters/stickers | 1214 | 0.7 | 1278 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 1.9/5.0 | 3.2 | 1.8/4.7 |
| Virtual Reality film | 1214 | 0.4 | 1278 | 0.9 | 0.5 | −0.2/1.3 | 0.5 | −0.3/1.3 |
| Friend/relative | 1214 | 0.3 | 1278 | 0.7 | 0.4 | −0.3/1.1 | 0.3 | −0.4/1.1 |
| Certificate for a 5-star toilet | 1214 | 0.4 | 1278 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 0.3/5.1 | 3.8 | 2.7/4.8 |
| Picture of your family on the village ‘Toilet Board’ poster | 1214 | 0.2 | 1278 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 3.3/5.7 | 4.3 | 3.2/5.5 |
| Skit about toilet convenience | 1214 | 4.9 | 1278 | 18.2 | 13.1 | 10.0/16.3 | 12.6 | 9.4/15.8 |
| Seen small-sized 5-star toilet model | 1214 | 1.9 | 1278 | 12.5 | 10.7 | 8.2/13.1 | 10.3 | 7.8/12.8 |
| Certificate about your toilet, or know anyone who has | 1214 | 1.5 | 1278 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 4.2/7.6 | 5.7 | 3.9/7.5 |
| Seen a certificate give-away | 1214 | 2.0 | 1278 | 11.2 | 9.2 | 0.7/11.4 | 9.0 | 6.7/11.3 |
| Someone talking about or showing a movie about pit filling | 1214 | 2.4 | 1278 | 10.1 | 7.6 | 5.5/9.7 | 7.4 | 5.2/9.7 |
| Movie about using a chair in the toilet for disabled or elderly people | 1214 | 2.9 | 1278 | 11.0 | 8.0 | 6.0/10.1 | 7.8 | 5.6/10.1 |
| Use any of the following | ||||||||
| 1214 | 18.2 | 1278 | 23.6 | 5.2 | 1.3/9.1 | 2.1 | −1.6/5.7 | |
| 1214 | 24.0 | 1278 | 31.2 | 7.1 | 3.0/11.2 | 3.0 | −0.6/6.7 | |
| 1214 | 6.0 | 1278 | 8.7 | 2.6 | 0.0/5.2 | 0.8 | −1.5/3.1 | |
| YouTube | 1214 | 19.2 | 1278 | 22.1 | 2.7 | −1.4/6.8 | −0.8 | −4.5/2.9 |
| Ever got or sent a message on WhatsApp about toilets | 1214 | 2.3 | 1278 | 2.8 | 0.6 | −0.7/1.9 | −0.1 | −1.3/1.2 |
| Heard about Swachh Sunder Shauchalay campaign | 1214 | 40.6 | 1278 | 45.8 | 5.3 | 0.6/10.1 | 3.7 | −0.8/8.2 |
| Swachh Sunder Shauchalay campaign is about | ||||||||
| Paint your toilet walls | 1214 | 7.9 | 1278 | 8.8 | 0.9 | −1.5/3.3 | 0.7 | −1.8/3.1 |
| Decorate your toilets | 1214 | 28.1 | 1278 | 32.6 | 4.5 | 0.2/8.7 | 3.4 | −0.8/7.6 |
PD prevalence difference, calculated using linear regression (function: Gaussian, link: identity). Clustering at village level was adjusted for by using generalised estimating equations and robust standard errors. APD adjusted prevalence difference. Pd was adjusted for asset index (continuous variable) and maximum male education level (dichotomised into primary or less vs secondary or higher)