Fig. 2.

Mediation analysis illustrating the effect of the expression of five genes that would be altered by smoking on smoking-related mutational signature in lung adenocarcinoma. a Scatter plots indicating the statistical significance between five candidate genes and tobacco smoking in lung adenocarcinoma. b A diagram to illustrate a mediation analysis framework, where gene expression can be a mediator to affect smoking-related mutational signature. c Five candidate genes are presented with significant mediation effect (via gene expression on smoking-related mutational signature), at P < 0.05