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. 2020 Sep 12;8:133. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00899-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Candida albicans growth promotors and inhibitors. a Bacterial species co-abundant with C. albicans. Line colours and type indicate correlation coefficients. b Example using Odoribacter splanchnicus for genomic strain inference from metagenomic species (MGS) reads. Strains were inferred for each time point (x-axis) from number of genes with 0.5 reads per base (y-axis) per-reference genome. Data are from the antibiotic-treated participant N and untreated subject E. The number of genes coverage for each tested O. splanchnicus strains are shown. DSM 20712 was identical with another strain labelled NCTC10825. c Growth rate inhibition of C. albicans strain SC5314 cultivated with 50% and 100% bacterial supernatant (from Bacteroides eggerthii and Odoribacter splanchnicus) compared to control of medium (mGAM) only. d Damage of human vaginal epithelial cells (A431) based on release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with metabolites at inhibitory concentrations. Grey lines, zero effect. Positive values imply cell damage. (Top) Human cells cultured without C. albicans. Effect compared to untreated cells. (Bottom) Cells co-cultured with C. albicans. Values are relative to damage caused by C. albicans without additional metabolites. Negative values imply less cell damage. e Composition of morphology of C. albicans cultures quantified by concentration of morphological types. Some metabolites cause atypical formation of hyphae-like structures (“Pseudohyphae/elongated yeast chains”). Some inhibited the formation of filaments or disrupted growth in general (“Yeast/no growth”)