Figure 4.

General structure of template-based externalization models that calculate the deviation of acoustical cues from those of a natural, well-externalized, reference stimulus. Models focused on the direct sound use long-term excitation patterns and involve comparisons of monaural cues at each ear and/or interaural cues (e.g., Baumgartner & Majdak, 2020; Hassager et al. 2016). Models focused on reverberation use short-term excitation patterns and involve only interaural-cue comparisons (e.g., Li et al. 2018).