Table 2.
Summary of potential confounders for maternal and newborn health interventions and resources and their associations with all-cause neonatal mortality in the Nigeria 2013 DHS survey, among deaths and survivors, for 19,685 livebirths in the five years prior to survey
| Overall | Deaths | Survivors | Crude Relative Risk | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 19,685) | (n = 538) | (n = 19,147) | ||||
| Level | Percent | Percent | Percent | Est | p | |
| Birth order | first | 18% | 25% | 18% | (ref) | < 0.001a |
| 2nd-4th | 45% | 35% | 45% | 0.984 | ||
| 5th+ | 37% | 40% | 37% | 0.991 | ||
| Multiple birth | 2% | 8% | 2% | 1.099 | < 0.001 | |
| Mother’s education | None | 48% | 47% | 48% | (ref) | 0.489b |
| Primary | 19% | 24% | 19% | 1.007 | ||
| Secondary | 33% | 29% | 33% | 0.997 | ||
| Father’s education | None | 38% | 38% | 38% | (ref) | 0.806b |
| Primary | 18% | 18% | 18% | 1.001 | ||
| Secondary | 41% | 40% | 41% | 0.999 | ||
| Missing | 3% | 4% | 3% | 1.008 | ||
| Mother’s age at first birth | < 15 | 8% | 7% | 8% | (ref) | 0.030a |
| 15–17 | 32% | 30% | 32% | 1.002 | ||
| 18–24 | 48% | 47% | 48% | 1.002 | ||
| 25–34 | 12% | 15% | 12% | 1.009 | ||
| 35+ | 0% | 1% | 0% | 1.067 | ||
| Mother’s age at index birth | < 15 | 0% | 0% | 0% | (ref) | 0.027a |
| 15–17 | 6% | 8% | 6% | 1.009 | ||
| 18–24 | 31% | 26% | 31% | 0.995 | ||
| 25–34 | 44% | 44% | 44% | 0.999 | ||
| 35+ | 18% | 22% | 18% | 1.004 | ||
| Mother married | 92% | 92% | 92% | 1.001 | 0.822 | |
| Area | Urban | 36% | 32% | 36% | (ref) | |
| Rural | 64% | 68% | 64% | 1.005 | 0.095 | |
| Wealth Quintile | Poorest | 23% | 23% | 23% | (ref) | 0.224b |
| Poorer | 22% | 27% | 22% | 1.006 | ||
| Middle | 19% | 16% | 19% | 0.996 | ||
| Richer | 18% | 18% | 18% | 1.000 | ||
| Richest | 18% | 16% | 18% | 0.997 | ||
| Prior neonatal death in household | 16% | 30% | 15% | 1.029 | < 0.001 | |
aLikelihood ratio test for association in any comparison with reference level
bTest for association with mortality assuming consistent trend with increasing levels