Fig. 3.

Estimated effects of plant architectural trait responses to reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (i.e. leaf area), to reduced red to far-red ratio (R:FR) (i.e. internode length and leaf angle), and to combination of the two (i.e. ‘Full phenotype’) on the fraction of light intercepted by the plants under canopy shading caused by a leaf area index (LAI_C) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 m² m⁻². Trait effects are calculated as the relative changes of light intercepted by plants caused by changing targeted traits compared with light intercepted by the non-shaded plant phenotype (see eqn 5 for the calculation). ‘Full phenotype’ represents the phenotype that trait responses to both reduced PAR and reduced R:FR are changed simultaneously.