Fig. 5.

Estimated interaction between effects of trait responses on plant photosynthesis under canopy shading caused by a leaf area index (LAI_C) of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 m² m⁻². Interactions of trait effects are calculated as the differences between the combined effects of changing all targeted traits on plant photosynthesis and the additive effects of separately changing individual targeted traits on plant photosynthesis (see eqn 6 for the calculation). In A, ‘RFR’ represents the interaction between effects of all trait responses to reduced red to far-red ratio (R:FR), ‘PAR’ represents the interaction between effects of all trait responses to reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and ‘Full’ represents the interaction between effects of all trait combinations to reduced R:FR and all trait combinations to reduced PAR. In B, each bar represents the interaction between the effects of two individual low-PAR responses. In C–F, each bar represents the interaction between the effect of an individual low-R:FR response and the effect of an individual low-PAR response.